تئوری سیستمی خلاقیت در سازمان

ابتکار و خلاقیت در علوم انسانی

مقاله 7، دوره 4، شماره 4، خرداد 1394، صفحه 163-207   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

نویسنده

منصور صادقی مال امیری^*

دانشیار دانشگاه امام حسین (ع)[e-mail]

چکیده

زمینه: با وجود ضرورت روزافزون خلاقیت در حیات فردی و اجتماعی بشر، هنوز هم افراد به‌ویژه مدیران درک و فهم درستی از مفهوم پیچیده و مبهم خلاقیت ندارند و در نتیجه در مدیریت کردن استعداد خلاقیت با چالش بنیادین مواجه می‌شوند و عموماً نادانسته خلاقیت را محدود می‌کنند. زیرا، نه‌تنها خلاقیت در زمرة پیچیده‌ترین رفتارهای انسانی قرار دارد، بلکه تحقیقات انجام‌شده در زمینه مفهوم خلاقیت به‌طور کلی پراکنده، ناسازگار و غیر منسجم است و بر این اساس، این تحقیقات پیشنهادهای کاربردی واضح و مشخصی برای مدیریت خلاقیت ارائه نمی‌کنند.
هدف: تحقیق حاضر با هدف وحدت بخشیدن به ادبیات پراکنده و ناسازگار خلاقیت در عرصه سازمان در قالب یک تئوری در راستای مدیریت مفهوم پیچیده و مبهم خلاقیت، انجام شده است.
روش: با رویکردی سیستمی- اکتشافی و بهره‌گیری از روش‌های فراتحلیل و تحلیل محتوا، 490 تحقیق مطالعه و بررسی شد که طی سال‌های 1950 تا 2012 میلادی در مورد خلاقیت انجام شده‌اند.
یافته‌ها: پردازش داده‌های استخراج‌شده از تحقیقات، به اکتشاف تئوری سیستمی خلاقیت منجر شد. این تئوری بر محور سلسله مراتبی از متغیرها شامل ابعاد، عوامل، مؤلفه‌ها، شاخص‌ها و همچنین روابط حاکم بر آن‌ها به ادبیات پراکنده، نامنسجم و ناسازگار خلاقیت وحدت بخشید و بیان‌گر آن است که خلاقیت پدیده‌ای سیستمی است که متشکل از ابعاد سه‌گانه چگونگی، چیستی و چرایی است. چگونگی خلاقیت بیان‌گر ورودی‌های سیستم خلاقیت یا عوامل مؤثر بر خلاقیت است که عبارت‌اند از چهار عاملِ فردی، شغلی، گروهی و سازمانی. چیستی خلاقیت به فرایند سیستم خلاقیت اشاره دارد و شامل عوامل سه‌گانه خلاقیت فردی، خلاقیت گروهی و خلاقیت سازمانی است. چرایی خلاقیت بیان‌گر اهمیت و ضرورت است یا آنچه از سیستم خلاقیت حاصل می‌شود که عبارت‌اند از عوامل دوگانة خروجی و پیامد.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس سطوح چندگانه تئوری سیستمی خلاقیت (ابعاد، عوامل، مؤلفه‌ها و شاخص‌ها) و روابط حاکم بر آن‌ها، می‌توان در عرصة سازمان خلاقیت را مدیریت کرد. به این‌ صورت که این تئوری به افراد و به خصوص مدیران کمک می‌کند تا با رویکردی سیستمی از سطح ابعاد، عوامل، مؤلفه‌ها تا شاخص‌ها درک کنند که خلاقیت چیست؟ چرا به آن نیاز دارند و چگونه می‌توانند آن را ارتقاء دهند؟

کلیدواژه‌ها

خلاقیت؛ چگونگی خلاقیت؛ چیستی خلاقیت؛ چرایی خلاقیت؛ تئوری سیستمی خلاقیت

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