Types of Grammatical Metaphors in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice

مقاله 8، دوره 5، شماره 10، مرداد 2012، صفحه 192-219   

نوع مقاله: Research Paper

نویسندگان

Nesa Nabifar^* ؛ Hamed Kazemzad

Department of Literature and Foreign Languages, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

چکیده

Grammatical Metaphor (GM) is one of the fresh language phenomena introduced by Halliday (1985) in the framework of functional grammar. Thompson (2004) states that the salient source of GM would be ‘Nominalization’ where a noun form attempts to represent a verb form or in other words, a verb form with its different process is represented in a noun form. He continues that any wording is ought to be either metaphorical or congruent wording. In this study the story of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was explored in search of GMs deployed throughout the first two chapters.  This study tended to identify the instances of nominalization types of GM in the first two chapters of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and offer the congruent wording.  As the next step, the congruent wordings were compared with metaphorical wording in order to find out the lexical density of each wording. The lexical density was obtained by Concordance software. The result of study illustrated , in a very crystal-clear way, the advantage of GM in adult writing which is stated to be one of the noticeable points regarding GM by Halliday (1985).The result obtained statistically revealed that  the deployment of GM increases the lexical density, which again was claimed by Halliday (2004) as one of the other salient points about GM. Based on the findings of this study, some implications can be drawn for academic writing and reading as well as for teachers involved in writing and reading pedagogy.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Grammatical Metaphors؛ types؛ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

مراجع

Eggins, S. (1994). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London:  Continuum.           

Halliday, M.A.K. (1978). Language as a social semiotic. London: Edward Arnold.

Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold.

Halliday, M. A. K.(1989).Spoken and written language. London:Oxford.

Halliday, M. A. K.(1998).Things and relations :Re-grammaticising experience as technical knowledge. In JR. Martin & R.Veelceds, Reading science :critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science (pp.185-235).London:Routledge..

Halliday, M. A. K. (1999). New ways of meaning: The challenge to applied Linguistics. In J. Webster (Eds.), (volume 3). London: Continuum.

Halliday, M. A. K. (2003). On the architecture of human language. In J. Webster (Eds.), On Language and Linguistics (volume 3,pp.123-150). London: Continuum.

Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1999). Construing experience through meaning: Alanguage-based approach to cognition. london: continuum.

Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen,C.M. I. M. (2004). An introduction to  functional grammar. London: Arnold.

Martin, J.R. (1992). English Text: System and structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Martin, J. R. , Matthiessen, M. I. M., & Painter, C. (1979). Working with functional grammar. New York: Arnold.

Painter, C. (2005). The development of language as a resource for learning. In A. Hewings & M. Hewings (Eds.), Grammar and Context: An Advanced Resource Book, (pp.183-201). London: Routledge.

Ravelli, J.L.(1985). Metaphor, mode and complexity: An exploration of co-varying patterns. B.A. (Hons) thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Sydney.

Ravelli, J. L. (1988). Grammatical metaphor: An initial analysis. In E. Steiner & R. Veitman (eds.) Oragmatics, Discourse and text: Some systemically-inspired approaches (pp133-147). London & New York: Pinter.

Ravelli, J. L. (1999). Metaphor, mode and complexity: An exploration of co- varying patterns. (Monographs in Systemic Linguistics, 12.) Nottingham: Department of English andMedia Studies, Nottingham Trent University.

Ravelli, J. L. (2003). Renewal of Connection: Integrating Theory and Practice in an   Understanding of Grammatical Metaphor. In A. Simon-Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers, & J. L. Ravelli (Eds.), Grammatical metaphor: views from systemic functional linguistics, pp(234-332). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Taverniers. M. (2002) Systemic-Functional Linguistics and the notion of   grammatical metaphor. A theoretical study and a proposal for a  semiotic-functional integrative model. PhD dissertation, University of  Ghent.

Taverniers, M. (2004). Interpersonal grammatical metaphor as double scoping and double grounding. In A. Simon-Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers, & J. L. Ravelli (Eds.), Grammatical metaphor: Views from systemic functional linguistics (pp.26-45). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Thompson, J. (2004). Introducing functional grammar. London: Arnold.

Vandenbergen, S., Marie, A., Taverniers, M., & Ravelli, L. (2003).Grammatical metaphor: views from systemic functional linguistics (ed.). Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Yanning, Y. (2008). Typological interpretation of differences between Chinese and English ingrammatical metaphor. Language Sciences Issue( 7). 30-34.