کلید شناسایی مزرعه‌ای خانواده‌های شپشک‌های گیاهی ایران

حشره شناسی گیاهان زراعی

مقاله 2، دوره 4، شماره (8) بهار - تابستان 1393، شهریور 1393، صفحه 17-35   

نویسنده

معصومه مقدم^*

مربی پژوهش مؤسسه‌ی تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی کشور، بخش تحقیقات رده‌بندی حشرات

چکیده

شپشک‌های گیاهی (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) از آفات مهم محصولات مختلف کشاورزی هستند که شناسایی آن­ها بدون تهیه­ی اسلایدهای میکروسکپی امکان‌پذیر نمی‌باشد. از این­رو در این مجموعه تلاش شده است براساس بررسی‌هایی که طی چندین سال در زمینه‌ی فون این حشرات در ایران به­عمل آمده است کلید شناسایی مصور و ساده­ای برای 13 خانواده از این حشرات که تاکنون در ایران جمع­آوری و شناسایی شده­اند، ارائه شود. همچنین روش‌های مختلف جمع‌آوری آن­ها مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفته و نحوه­ی آماده‌سازی اسلایدهای میکروسکپی به روش‌های مختلف نیز ارائه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

شپشک‌های گیاهی؛ کلید شناسایی؛ اسلاید میکروسکپی؛ ایران

مراجع

Anonymous 2014a. Queensland Museum. http://www.qm.qld.gov.au [Accessed on 12 April 2014].

Anonymous 2014b. Extension Utah State University. http://www.utahpests usu.edu. [Accessed on 12 April 2014].

Archangelskaya AD. 1937. The Coccidae of Middle Asia. Izdatelstvo Komiteta Nauk UZSSR, Tashkent, 158 pp.

Balachowsky AS. 1948. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du nord de l’Afrique et du basin Méditerranéen. IV. Monographie des Coccoidea, classification - Diaspidinae (Première partie). Entomologie Appliquée Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1054: 243–394.

Balachowsky AS. 1950. Sur un Parlagena (Hom.: Coccoidea) nouveau du Beloutchistan Iranien. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 29: 17–20.

Balachowsky AS. 1951. Les cochenilles de France, d’Europe, du nord de l’Afrique et du basin Méditerranéen. VI. Monographie des Coccoidea, Diaspidinae (troisième partie) Aspidiotini (fin). Entomologie Appliquée Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1127: 561–720.

Balachowsky AS.1953. Les cochenilles de France d’Europe, du nord de l’Afrique, et du basin Méditerranéen. VII. Monographie des Coccoidea, Diaspidinae–IV, Odonaspidini Parlatorini. Entomologie Appliquée Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles 1202: 725–929.

Ben-Dov Y, Hodgson CJ. 1997. 1.4 Techniques. 1.4.1 Collecting and mounting. In: Ben-Dov Y,  Hodgson CJ (eds.) Soft Scale Insects - Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control [Vol. 7A]. Elsevier, Amsterdam & New York. Pp. 389-395.

Ben-Dov Y, Miller DR, Gibson GAP. 2014. ScaleNet. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/ scalenet.htm [accessed on 12 March2014].

Bodenheimer FS. 1944. Note on the Coccoidea of Iran, with description of new species. Bulletin de la Société Found 1er d’Entomologie 28: 85–100.

Borchsenius NS. 1952. A new genus and new species of hard scales from Iran (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye 32: 261–263.

Farahbakhsh Gh. 1961. A Checklist of Economically Important Insects and other Enemies of Plants and Agricultural Products in Iran. Department of Plant Protection Ministry of Agriculture Tehran, Iran, 151pp. [in Persian]

Gullan PJ. 2001. Why the taxon Homoptera does not exist? Entomologica 33: 101–104.

Kaussari M. 1946a. Contribution à l’étude des Coccidae de l’Iran. Ministère de l’Agriculture, Département General de la Protection des Plantes Téhéran, 43pp. [in Persian]

Kaussari M. 1946b. Insectes nuisibles aux aurantiacées, sur les côtes de la mer Caspienne. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées 1: 1–7. [in Persian]

Kaussari M. 1952. On a new scale from southeast Iran. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 31: 181–184.

Kaussari M. 1954. Sur un Dynaspidiotus Thiem et Gerneck (Hem.: Coccidae) nouveau de l’ouest de l’Iran. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 33: 80–83.

Kaussari M. 1955a. La première liste des cochenilles de l’Iran. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées 15: 14–20. [in Persian]

Kaussari M. 1955b. Sur trois Coccoidea Diaspidinae nouveaux de l’Iran. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 34: 229–237.

Kaussari M. 1956. Sur un Dynaspidiotus Thiem et Gerneck (Coccoidea-Aspidiotini) nouveau des environs de Chiraz (Iran). Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 35: 102–103.

Kaussari M. 1957. The second list of scales from Iran.Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquées, 16–17: 1–3. [in Persian]

Kaussari M. 1958. Sur deux Aspidiotini-Aspidiotina (Coccoidea) du sud de l’Iran. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 37: 229–234.

Kaussari M. 1959. Sur un Contagaspis McGill. (Coccoidea–Diaspidini) nouveau du centre de l’Iran. Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d’Entomologie Agricole de France 38: 131–134.

Kaussari M. 1964. Genre nouveaux et espèces nouvelles de Diaspididae de l’Iran. Ministère de l’Agriculture, Conseil Supérieur de Recherches Agronomiques Bulletin N. 5: 85pp. [in Persian]

Kaussari M. 1970. Monographie des Coccoidea de l’Iran. Ministère de l’Agriculture, Conseil Supérieur de Recherches Agronomiques Bulletin72 + 12 pp. [in Persian]

Kozár F, Fowjhan MA, Zarrabi M. 1996. Check-list of Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea (Homoptera) of Afghanistan and Iran, with additional data to the scale insects of fruit trees in Iran. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 31: 61–74.

Kozár­F, Miller DR. 1999. Observations on collecting scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Entomologica, Bari 33: 243–250.

Martin JEH. 1977. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 1. Collecting, Preparing, and Preserving Insects, Mites and Spiders. Biosystematic Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada. 186 pp.

McKenzie HL. 1967. Mealybugs of California with Taxonomy, Biology, and Control of North American Species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press, Berkeley, 526 pp.

Moghaddam M. 1999. The record of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 18(1/2): 44. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2000a. The first record of Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) (Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 19(1/2): 105–106. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2000b. The first record of Dynaspidiotus tener (Bazarov & Schmelev) (Hom.: Diaspididae) in Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 20(1): 111–112. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2001. The first report on five species of scale insects from Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 69(1): 42–43. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2002. The first report of two scale insects for Iran. Proceeding of the 15^th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 7-11 September 2002, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, p. 184.

Moghaddam M. 2003. New record of three scale insects (Hem.: Coccoidea) from Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 71(1): 37–38. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2004a. The list of Coccoidea in the Insect Museum of Hayk Mirzayans in Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute (1). Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Insect Taxonomy Research Dept. No. 11: 55 pp. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2004b. New record on three mealybugs (three species and two genera) (Hem.: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in Iran. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 72(1): 23. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2006. The mealybugs of southern Iran (Hem.: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 26(1): 1–11. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2009. Insects of Iran: The List of Coccoidea in the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (2). Hemiptera: Coccoidea. Plant Pests & Diseases Research Institute, Insect Taxonomy Research Department, No. 16: 1–45. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M.2010a. Scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) fauna of the southern coast of Caspian Sea (Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan Provinces, Iran). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 29(2): 65–98. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M. 2010b. Two new species and a new record of mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Zootaxa 2619: 63–68.

Moghaddam M. 2013a. A review of the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae, Putoidae and Rhizoecidae) of Iran, with descriptions of four new species and three new records for the Iranian fauna. Zootaxa 3632 (1): 1–107. doi: 10.11646/Zootaxa.3632.1.1.

Moghaddam M. 2013b. An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. Zookeys 334: 1–92.

Moghaddam M, Alikhani M. 2009. A new species, Coccidohystrix burumandi sp. n. (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 41(3): 175–179.

Moghaddam M, Alikhani M. 2010. Two new species of mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) from Iran. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research (Ser. II) 42(1): 11–17. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M, Azadbakht N. 2006. The first report of the genus and species of the scale insect, Exaeretopus tritici (Hem.: Cocciodea: Coccidae), from Iran. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 25(2): 89–90. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M, Bagheri AN. 2011. A new record of mealybug pest in the south of Iran, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 30(1): 67–69. [in Persian]

Moghaddam M, Tavakoli M. 2010. Scale insects of the central Zagros region in Iran (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Applied Entomology and Phytopathology 77(2): 25–46. [in Persian]

Rajabi G. 1989. Insects Attacking Rosaceous Fruit Trees in Iran. Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran, 255 pp. [in Persian]

Seghatoleslami H 1977. List of scale insects (Fam. Diaspididae) of Iran. Journal of the Entomological Society of Iran 4: 5–19. [in Persian]

Takagi S, Moghaddam M 2005. New or noteworthy armored scale insects occurring in Iran (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Insecta Matsumurana 61: 43–74.

Vahedi HA. 2001. The biology of Porphyrophora tritici (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) and the effect of some farming practices on its populations in Kermanshah, Iran. Entomologica 33: 357–363.

Vahedi HA. 2002. A Revision of the Genus Porphyrophora (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) with Particular Reference to the Middle East and with a Discussion on the Relationships of the Hypogaeic Margarodids. Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College at Wye, Wye, Ashford, Kent, UK, 358 pp.

Vahedi HA, Gholami Mahfar F. 2010. Scanning electron microscope observations on the multiocular disc-pores and dermal projections of adult female Porphyrophora tritici and P. cynodontis. Entomologia Hellenica 19: 76–81.

Vahedi HA, Hodgson CJ. 2002a. A study of a species of Lithophyllus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of Porphyrophora species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Iran. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano) 33(3): 515.

Vahedi HA, Hodgson CJ. 2002b. A brief review of the characters and character-states for separating species of Porphyrophora (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura (Milano) 33(3): 516-592.

Vahedi HA, Hodgson CJ. 2007. Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Systematics and Biodiversity 5(1): 23–122.

Vahedi HA, Hodjat SH. 1996. An outline of the morphology and bio-ecology of Porphyrophora tritici (BOD.) (Homoptera, Margarodidae). The Scientific Journal of Agriculture Shahid Chamran University Press 18(1/2): 57-70. [in Persian]

Williams DJ, Moghaddam M. 1999. Mealybugs species of the genus Planococcus Ferris in Iran (Hom.: Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) with discussion of P. vovae Nasonov. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 18 (1, 2): 32–42.

Williams DJ, Moghaddam M. 2007. A new species of Rhodania Goux (Hemiptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) and new records of two other mealybug species from Iran. Zootaxa 1398: 37–44.

Williams DJ, Watson GW. 1988. The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 1. The Armored Scales (Diaspididae). CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 290 pp.