Transactional and Interactional Strategies on Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners’ Spoken Language Performance

Journal of Teaching English Lnaguage Studies

مقاله 1، دوره 2، شماره 4، مرداد 2014، صفحه 7-23   

نویسندگان

Mohammad Taghi Hasani¹؛ Maede Siamakani²

¹Assistant Professor at Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch & Imam Hossein University, Tehran

²Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch

چکیده

This study investigated the effect of transactional and interactional strategies on developing Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ spoken language performance. First of all, to homogenize the participants, the researcher administered IELTS speaking tests to 50 participants as the pre-test in order to select the main sample of the study which were 30 students. That is, those participants whose scores fell between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15 at intermediate level of proficiency. These groups were taught through transactional and interactional strategies using Speak Now books. After the treatment period and as the post-test, some IELTS speaking tests, which covered all the materials, were administered to these groups. After collecting the data, to test the research hypothesis and to answer the research questions, the researchers used t-test to investigate the effects of interactional and transactional strategies on spoken language performance of Iranian EFL learners. The findings showed that although the speaking performance of the learners improved, the differences among the groups were not statistically significant.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Transactional؛ Interactional؛ EFL learners؛ Spoken language performance

مراجع

Abousenna, M. (1994). "Opening Speech. Global Age: Issues in English Language Education".

Proceedings of 13th National Symposium on English Language Teaching. March 30 -  

April 1 ,1993. CEDELT, Ain Shams University.

Basturkmen, H. (Summer 2002). “Learner Observation of and Reflection on Spoken       

Discourse: An Approach for Teaching Academic Speaking”. TESOL Journal, V.11, n.2,

Pp: 26-30.

 Brazil, D. (1995). A Grammar of Speech. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 Brown, H. (2001). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy.

(2^nd edition). New York: Longman, Inc.

Brown ,J. D. (2003). Promoting fluency in EFL classrooms: Proceedings of the 2^nd annual JALT

Pan-SIG conference. Retrieved march3, 2013 From:

http://jalt.org/pansig/2003/html/brown.htm.

Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of language learning and teaching. New York: London.

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983a). Teaching the spoken language. Cambridge: Cambridge                  

University Press.

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983b). Teaching the spoken language: An approach based on the            

analysis of conversational English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Burkart, G. & Sheppard, K. (2004). Content ESL across the USA: A Training Packet. A              

Descriptive Study of Content-ESL Practices. National Clearinghouse for English Language   

Acquisition. http://www.ncela.gwu.edu/pubs/cal/contentesl/, accessed on 3rd March, 3006.

Burns, A. (1998). “Teaching Speaking”. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, V.18, n.3, Pp:

102-123.

Bygate, M. (1987). Speaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bygate, M. (1998). “Theoretical Perspectives on Speaking”. Annual Review of Applied    

Linguistics. V.18. n.1, Pp: 20-42.

Bygate, M. (1999). "Quality of language and purpose of task: Patterns of learners’ language on

two oral communication tasks". Language Teaching Research V. 3, n. 3, Pp. 185-214.

Canale, M and Swain, M. (1980). “Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second   

Language Teaching and Testing”. Applied Linguistics, V. 1, n.1, Pp: 1-47.

Carter, R. & McCarthy, M. (1997). Exploring Spoken English. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Celce-Murcia, M. (2001). "Language Teaching Approaches: an Overview". In M. Celce- Murcia  

(Ed.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language (3rd Ed.). Boston: Heinle &

Heinle.

Cornbleet, S. and Carter, R. (2001). The Language of Speech and Writing. London: Routledge.

Coury, G. & Carlos, S. (October 2001). "English as a Lingua Franca in the Brazilian Academic

World". Karen's Linguistics Issues.

http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/linguafranca.htm, accessed on 15th April, 2005.

Defrioka, A. (2009). Improving students’ interaction  in speaking class through information gap

activities. Leksika,3(2). 33-45.

Dornyei, Z. & Thurrell, S. (1994). "Teaching Conversation Skills Intensively: Course Content

and Rational". ELT Journal, V. 48, n. 1, Pp: 40- 49.

Eckard, R. & Kearny, M. (1981). Teaching Conversational Skills in ESL. Washington: Center of

Applied Linguistics.

Ellis, R. (2003). Task-Based Language Learning and Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Florez, M. A. (1999). "Improving Adult English Language Learners’ Speaking Skills". ERIC

Digest. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED: 435204 )

Foster, P., Tonkeyn, A. and Wigglesworth, G. (2000). “Measuring Spoken Language/: A Unit

for all Reasons”. “Applied Linguistics, V.21, n. 3, Pp: 354-375.

Gass, S. & Varionis, E. (1994). "Input, Interaction and Second Language Production". Studies in

Second language Acquisition, V.16, n. 3, Pp: 283-302.

Halliday, M. (1975) : Learning How to Mean. London: Edward Arnold.

Harmer, J. (2001). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Edinburgh: Pearson Education

limited.

Higgs, T., and R. Clifford (1982). The push towards communication. In T. Higgs (ed.),

Curriculum, Competence, and the Foreign Language Teacher. Skokie, IL: National

Textbook Company.

Hilferty, A. (2005). "The Relationship between Reading and Speaking Skills". Focus on Basics.

http://www.ncsall.net/?id=328, accessed on 22nd May, 2006.

Howarth, P. (2001). “Process Speaking. Preparing to Repeat Yourself”. MET. V, 10, n.1, Pp:

39-44.

Hughes, R. (2002). Teaching and Researching Speaking. Warlow: Longman.

Kingen, S. (2000). Teaching Language Arts in Middle Schools. Connecting and Communicating.

New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Kumaravadivelu, B. (1993). "The Name of the Task and the Task of Naming: methodological

Aspects of Task Based Pedagogy". In G. Crookes and S. Gass (Eds.). Task and Language

Learning: Integrating Theory and Practice, (Pp: 69-96). Clevedon, Avon: Multilingual

Matters.

Luoma, S. (2004). Assessing Speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

McDonough, K. & Mackey, A. (2000). “Communicative Tasks, Conversational Interaction and

Linguistic Form: An Empirical study of Thai”. Foreign Language Annals. V. 33, n. 1, Pp:

82-91.

Miller, L. (2001). “A Speaking Lesson. How to Make the Course Book More Interesting”. MET.

V.10, n.2, Pp: 25-29.

M'mbone, J., Kemboi, G. & Andiema, N. (2015). A Study on Interactive Teaching Methods in

Developing Oral Communicative Competence in Learners of English Language in Trans

Nzoia West, District of Kenya. International Invention Journal of Arts and Social

Sciences(IIJSS). 2(1), 5-13.

Nunan, D. (1989). Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom. New York: Cambridge

University Press.

Nunan, D. (1999). Second Language Teaching and Learning. Boston: Heinle & Heinle

Publishers.

Pashaie, S. & Khalaji, H, (2014). Does Open Task Outcome Affect Speaking Skills of Pre-

Intermediate High School Students?. International Journal of Educational

Investigations(IJEI). 1(1). 54-65.

Richards. J. (1990). The Language Teaching Matrix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Richards, J. C. (2008). Teaching listening and speaking: From theory to practice. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Richards, J. C., Gallo, P. B., & Renandya, W. A. (2002). Exploring teachers’ beliefs and the

processes of change.

Richards Jack, C., & Schmidt, R. (2002). Longman dictionary of applied linguistics and

language teaching. London: Pearson Education.

Rivers, W. (1981). Teaching Foreign Language Skills (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago

Press.

Scarcella, R. & Oxford, R. (1992). The Tapestry of Language Learning. Boston Heinle & Heinle

Publishers.

Thornbury, Scott (1998). Comments on direct approaches in L2 instruction. TESOL Quarterly

32(1), Pp:109-116.

Thornbury, S. (2005). How to teach speaking. New York: Longman.

Trachsel, M. & Severino. C. (2004). The Challenges of Integrating and Balancing Speaking and

Writing in First-Year Rhetoric Classes.

http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/english/tc/trachselANDseverino/trachselANDsever

ino_module.html, accessed on 15th February, 2004.

Tsang, W. K., and M. Wong (2002). Conversational English: an interactive, collaborative and

reflective approach. In Jack C. Richards and Willy Renandya (eds.), Methodology in

Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 212–224.

Widdowson, H. (1998). “Skills, Abilities, and Contexts of Reality”. Annual Review of Applied

Linguistics, V. 18,n3, Pp: 323-33.

Willis, Jane (1996). A Framework for Task-Based Learning. Harlow, UK: Longman.

Yule, G. (1989) “The Spoken Language”. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, V.10, n. 2, Pp:

163-173.

Zareie, B.,  Gorjian, B., & Pazhakh, A. (2014). The effect of interactional and transactional

speaking strategies on teaching speaking skills on Iranian EFL learners at senior high

school level. International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World

(IJLLALW). 5(2), 443-459.