Survey Changes of Nitrate and Tuber Production of Potato under Integrated Management of Manure and Chemical Fertilizer in Different Locations of Isfahan, Iran

Research On Crop Ecophysiology

مقاله 5، دوره 12، شماره 1، فروردین 2017، صفحه 45-51   

نویسندگان

MOHAMMAD ABDOLLAHI¹؛ NASER LATIFI²؛ MOHAMAD REZA DADASHI²

¹Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran

²-Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran

چکیده

ABSTRACT
Nitrogen fertility management is a key component in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Production To investigate the effects of manure fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (Urea) on potato yield and nitrate content (Arinda cultivar), an experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 at two regions of Khorsgan and Faridan, Isfahan, Iran. A split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with four replications was used in each location. Manure fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 ton/ha) considered as main plots, and chemical fertilizer (0, 175, 350 and 525 kg/ha Urea) was used as sub-plots. Increasing the N fertilizer application rate from 0 to 60 kg Urea per ha generally resulted in increase of fresh and dry tuber yields, percentage of large tubers, and increase nitrate content of tuber. In most cases, tuber yield was significantly different between treatment of 60 kg/ha Urea and the other tow treatments. The maximum dry tuber yield was obtained in Faridan region with application of 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer and 525 kg/ha Urea. The number tuber and fresh tuber yield in Faridan region was higher than those values in Khorasgan region. The results of this research suggested that the use of animal manure not only reduces the deleterious effects of chemical fertilizer, but also increases the yield and yield components of potato. Applying 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer along with chemical fertilizer is necessary to achieve the highest performance and to protect the soil from degradation.
Keywords: Nitrate, Tuber production, Potato, Manure fertilizer, Chemical fertilizer.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Keywords: Nitrate؛ Tuber production؛ Potato؛ manure fertilizer؛ Chemical Fertilizer

اصل مقاله

			Research on Crop Ecophysiology                                  Vol.12/1, Issue 1 (2017), Pages: 45 -  51
	Original Research

 

 

 

Survey Changes of Nitrate and Tuber Production of Potato under Integrated Management of Manure and Chemical Fertilizer in Different Locations of Isfahan, Iran

 

Mohammad Abdollahi^1*, Naser Latifi¹, Mohamad Reza Dadashi¹

1-Department of Agronomy, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran

 

^*Corresponding email address: [e-mail]

Received: 3 February 2017                                  Accepted: 28 February 2017

 

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen fertility management is a key component in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Production To investigate the effects of manure fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (Urea) on potato yield and nitrate content (Arinda cultivar), an experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 at two regions of Khorsgan and Faridan, Isfahan, Iran. A split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with four replications was used in each location. Manure fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 ton/ha) considered as main plots, and chemical fertilizer (0, 175, 350 and 525 kg/ha Urea) was used as sub-plots. Increasing the N fertilizer application rate from 0 to 60 kg Urea per ha generally resulted in increase of fresh and dry tuber yields, percentage of large tubers, and increase nitrate content of tuber. In most cases, tuber yield was significantly different between treatment of 60 kg/ha Urea and the other tow treatments. The maximum dry tuber yield was obtained in Faridan region with application of 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer and 525 kg/ha Urea. The number tuber and fresh tuber yield in Faridan region was higher than those values in Khorasgan region. The results of this research suggested that the use of animal manure not only reduces the deleterious effects of chemical fertilizer, but also increases the yield and yield components of potato. Applying 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer along with chemical fertilizer is necessary to achieve the highest performance and to protect the soil from degradation.

Keywords: Nitrate, Tuber production, Potato, Manure fertilizer, Chemical fertilizer.

 

Introduction

Potato is one of the main and strategic agricultural products and stands in fourth position after wheat, rice, and corn. It has also a special role in feeding people of under developed and developing countries (Liu et al., 2006; Ahmadi et al., 2011; Ploae et al., 2012; Ranjbar et al., 2012). Nitrogen as an essential nutritious element in plant structure has a vital role and among the essential elements for potato crop growth, has one of the most important role in LAI (Jalali, 2013; Soleymani et al., 2013; Arshadi et al., 2014; Shahrajabian and Soleymani, 2017). Excess N fertilizer can negatively impact tuber formation while also resulting in N leaching, leading to economic waste and environmental pollution (Soleymani and Shahrajabian, 2011; Soleymani et al., 2011; Soleymani et al., 2012; Shahrajabian and Soleymani, 2017). Accumulation of nitrates in plants is a complex process and depends on a number of factors, such as: genetic of the traits, soil and climatic conditions, fertilization and period of crop cultivation. The agronomic factor which mostly affects the accumulation of nitrates in plants is fertilization. High content of these compounds occurs mainly after excessive fertilization with nitrogen, introduction to soil with minerals or natural fertilizers (Shahrajabian et al., 2011; Zakikhani et al., 2016). Jafari (2014) reported the significant effect of manure fertilizer on tuber yield, average weight of tuber, number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant and nitrate content. Organic source of nitrogen can have more advantage than chemical fertilizers and also play an important role in maintaining soil organic compounds and improve plant health (Soleymani and Shahrajabian, 2012). So many researchers have reported the importance of animal manures as an appropriate source of nitrogen to provide nutrition to the growing crops (Nyiraneza and Snapp, 2007; Baghdadi et al., 2016). The aim objective of this research was to study the effects of different amount of nitrogen fertilizer from chemical source and organic manures on yield and nitrate content of potato in two regions of Isfahan in center of Iran.

 

Materials and methods

In order to evaluate the influence of both chemical fertilizer (Urea) and cow manure fertilizer on yield, yield components and nitrate content of potato crop (Arinda cultivar), an experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 at two regions of Khorsgan and Faridan, Isfahan, Iran. The average mean temperature and rainfall in Khorsagan region (Latitude 32^o40^/N, Longitude 51^o58^/E, 1570 m elevation above sea level), is 17 ^oC and 220 mm and for Faridan (Latitude 33^o10^/N, Longitude 50^o29^/E, 2300 m elevation above sea level) is 9^oC and 335 mm. Soil texture at Khorasgan and Faridan field research stations were silt clay and clay loam, respectively. A split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with four replications was used, in each location. Manure fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 t/ha) considered as main plots and chemical fertilizer (0, 175, 350 and 525 kg Urea/ha) was used as sub-plots. The previous crop on the field in both location was barley. Each 4×6 m plot had six rows. On the basis of soil analysis manure fertilizers, and one third of nitrogen and were used before planting. One third of nitrogen was used with soil cultivation after planting and one third was applied at flowering stage. Seeds were hand planted. The distance between tubers in each row was 25 cm. The first irrigation was two days before plantation, the second irrigation was after planting and other irrigation intervals were 14 days. The normal agricultural practices took place whenever it was necessary according to the recommendations of Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. Different phonological and morphological traits and components of yield were determined. Total fresh weight of the tubers and dry weight of sliced tubers were determined after drying at 85^oC for 24 h. Nitrate content (%) was measured for the tubers. Data were subjected to variance analysis by SAS statistical software. Duncan ^,s multiple range tests at p=0.05 probability level was applied to compare the means.

Results and discussion

The highest number of days from planting to germination, flowering and tuber formation was obtained for Faridan region. Except for the number of days from planting to tuber formation, for the other phonological data there was no significant difference between the two experimental locations. The maximum plant height (58.35 cm) and leaf area index (LAI) (2.89) was obtained in Faridan region, but no significant difference was observed between the two experimental locations. The highest number of stem per m² (47.52), the number of tuber per m² (39.64), fresh tuber yield (38157.3 g/m³) and dry tuber yield (757.43 g/m³) was related to Faridan region and their differences with Khorasgan region were significant (Table 1). The highest number of days from planting to germination, and tuber formation, plant height (58.31 cm), number of stem per m², and LAI (2.88) was obtained in application of 60 ton/ha of manure fertilizer, but this treatment had no significant differences with other treatments. The maximum and minimum number of days from planting to flowering was related to control treatment (0 ton/ha), and application 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer, how aver, they had no significant difference. Usage of 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer had the highest LAI (2.88), number of tuber per m² (40.50), fresh tuber yield (37859.4 g/m²), and dry tuber yield (775.53 g/m²). These values were significantly other treatments; however, there were no significant differences between control treatment and application of 30 to/ha for these traits. No significant differences was found among treatments for the number of days from planting to germination. The highest number of days from planting to flowering and tuber formation was achieved in application of 525 kg/ha Urea, followed by 350 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha and control treatments. Application of 525 kg/ha the highest values of plant height (59.79 cm), and the number of stem per m² (47.20). There were significant differences among chemical fertilizer treatments in both experimental station for most of the characters. The maximum LAI and the number of tuber per m² which were 3.11 and 42.79, respectively were obtained for application of 525 kg Urea per ha, which had significant differences with other treatments. The highest and the lowest fresh tuber yield were applied for application of 39697.9 kg/ha Urea and control treatment, which had significant differences with other treatments. The maximum dry tuber yield was related to application of 525 kg/ha Urea, followed by 350 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha and control treatments. All differences between treatments were significant (Table 1). Hosseini et al. (2017) reported that the increase in the application of N fertilizer up to certain level increases the potato yield, but since then, it has no effect on the increase in yield.

 

 

Table 1. Mean comparison of different traits for experimental factors.

Experimental factors	Number of days from planting to Germination	Number of days from planting to flowering	Number of days from planting to potato tuber formation	Plant height (cm)	Number of stem per m2	LAI	Number of tuber per m2	Fresh tuber yield (g/m2)	Dry tuber yield (g/m2)
Location
Khorasgan	23.87a	55.39a	50.83b	57.37a	42.41b	2.62a	37.25b	35562.5b	737.97b
Faridan	25.58a	57.50a	55.50a	58.35a	47.52a	2.89a	39.64a	38157.3a	757.43a
Manure fertilizer (ton/ha)
0	24.62a	56.62a	52.90b	57.56a	44.65a	2.67b	36.96b	36185.9b	729.87b
30	24.71a	56.43a	52.93b	57.71a	44.75a	2.73b	37.87b	36535.9b	737.71b
60	24.84a	56.28a	53.65a	58.31a	45.50a	2.88a	40.50a	37859.4a	775.53a
Urea (Kg/ha)
0	24.70a	55.00b	52.54c	55.29c	42.12c	2.35d	35.12c	33966.7d	698.33d
175	24.70a	56.58b	52.91bc	57.83b	44.37b	2.65c	25.37b	35833.3c	729.66c
350	24.75a	57.25a	53.37ab	58.54ab	46.16a	2.91b	38.62b	37943.8b	753.83b
525	24.75a	57.95a	53.83a	59.79a	47.20a	3.11a	42.79a	39697.9a	809.00a

For each experimental factor means within each column common letters do not differ significantly (p<5%)

The highest value for tuber nitrate content (124.22 mg/kg), number of tuber with less than 35 mm diameter (16.12), number of tuber with 35-70 mm diameter (16.68), number of tuber with more than 70 mm diameter (15.58), weight of tuber with less than 35 mm diameter (71.16 g/m²) and weight of tuber with more than 70 mm diameter (435.83 g/m²) was obtained in Faridan region which were significantly different from the values for Khorasgan region. Yazadn Doust Hamedani (2003) concluded that increased nitrogen fertilizer led to increased nitrogen concentration in tuber which corresponds to findings of this experiment. Although, the highest value for tuber weight between 35-70 mm diameter which was 263.16 g/m² was related to Faridan region, it had significant difference with Khorasgan region. Application of 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer resulted in the maximum nitrate contact (147.81 mg/kg), number of tuber with less than 35 mm diameter (14.40),  number of tuber with 35-70 mm diameter (16.90), number of tuber with more than 70 mm diameter (16.12), weight of tuber with 35-70 mm diameter (270 g/m²) weight of tuber more than 70 mm diameter (435.83 g/m²) followed by the values for application of 30 ton/ha manure fertilizer and control treatment. Furthermore, all differences for those experimental characteristics were meaningful. Although, the highest and the lowest weight for tuber with less than 35 mm diameter was achieved in application of 60 ton/ha and control treatment, there was no meaningful difference between treatments. The maximum nitrate (184.12 mg/kg), the number of tuber less than 35 mm diameter (15.16), the number of tuber between 35-70 mm diameter (17.75), the number of tuber more than 70 mm diameter (16.54), tuber weight less than 35 mm diameter (70.37 g/m²), tuber weight between 35-70 mm diameter (280.58 g/m²) and tuber weight more than 70 mm diameter (474.54 g/m²) was obtained for usage of 525 kg/ha Urea fertilizer, followed 350 kg/ha, 175 kg/ha and control treatment. Jamaati et al. (2009) concluded that nitrogen was effective on tuber size and increased tuber weight, but excessive increase in nitrogen caused the reduction of tuber weight. Ankumah et al. (2003) reported that the tuber size was effective on the growth period of potato, time tuber formation and nitrogen levels. Like results of other experiments, the content of nitrate affected by application of nitrogen fertilizer (Pussemier et al., 2006; Irena, 2009; Poberezny et al., 2012; Poberezny et al., 2015). All differences between chemical fertilizer treatments for all experimental characteristic were meaningful (Table 2).

 

Table 2. Mean comparison for experimental characteristics

Experimental factors	Nitrate (mg/kg)	Number of tuber less than 35 mm diameter	Number of tuber between 35-70 mm diameter	Number of tuber more than 70 mm diameter	Tuber weight less than 35 mm diameter (g/m2)	Tuber weight between 35-70 mm diameter (g/m2)	Tuber weight more than 70 mm diameter (g/m2)
Location
Khorasgan	107.25b	11.37b	14.45b	11.58b	63.60b	261.27a	412.56b
Faridan	124.22a	16.12a	16.68a	15.58a	71.16a	263.16a	435.83a
Manure fertilizer (ton/ha)
0	92.31c	13.31b	14.31c	11.96c	66.43a	257.75b	404.34c
30	107.09b	13.53b	15.50b	12.65b	67.43a	258.90b	427.71b
60	147.81a	14.40a	16.90a	16.12a	68.28a	270.00a	440.53a
Urea (Kg/ha)
0	46.37d	12.00c	13.58d	11.45c	65.12b	243.95c	382.25d
175	96.54c	13.75b	15.08c	12.87b	66.83b	260.62b	413.79c
350	135.91b	14.08b	15.87b	13.45b	67.20b	263.70b	426.20b
525	184.12a	15.16a	17.75a	16.54a	70.37a	280.58a	474.54a

Common letters within each column do not differ significantly.

 

Conclusion

Potato is known as a favorite crop and regarded as one of the most important vegetable crops as human food. Potato is highly responsive to N fertilizer which is usually the most specific essential nutrient for potato plant growth on all soils. The excessive use of nitrogen can lead to increase vegetative growth rather than tuber production and delay potato maturity. The main part of required nitrogen for plant is absorbed in nitrate from NO₃^- and excessive accumulation of nitrogen in products such as potato can be deleterious consumer ^,s health. Our results indicated that location had significant influence on LAI, number of tuber per m², fresh and dry tuber yield, tuber nitrate content, number of tuber and tuber weight. Manure fertilizer also had significant effect on plant height, the number of tuber per m², fresh and dry tuber yield, nitrate content, tuber weight between 35 to more than 70 mm diameter. Chemical fertilizer had significant effect on the number of stem per m², LAI, fresh and dry tuber yield, tuber nitrate content and tuber weight. Increase of N fertilizer application rate from 0 to 60 kg Urea per ha generally resulted in increase of fresh and dry tuber yield, percentage of large tubers, and nitrate content. In most cases, tuber yeild was significantly different between 60 kg Urea / ha treatment and the other tow treatments. On the basis of the results obtained the maximum dry tuber yield was achieved in Faridan region with application of 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer and 525 kg/ha Urea. The number of tuber and fresh tuber yield in Faridan region was higher than those values in Khorasgan, that may be due to better climatic condition of Faridan region compare to Khorasgan. Application of 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer resulted in the maximum nitrate (147.81 mg/kg), number of tuber less than 35 mm diameter (14.40), number of tuber between 35-70 mm diameter (16.90), number of tuber more than 70 mm diameter (16.12), weight of tuber with 35-70 mm diameter (270 g/m²) and weight of tuber with more than 70 mm diameter (435.83 g/m²) followed by values for treatment of application of 30 ton/ha manure fertilizer and control treatments. Evaluation of the results of this research suggested that use of animal manure not only reduces the deleterious effect of chemical fertilizer, but also increase yield and yield components of potato. Application of 60 ton/ha manure fertilizer along with chemical fertilizer can lead to successful results.

 

References

 

Ahmadi SH, Andersen MN, Laerke PE, Plauborg F, Sepaskhah AR, Jensen CR, Hansen S. 2011. Interaction of different irrigation strategies and soil textures on the nitrogen uptake of field frown potatoes. International Journal of Plant Production, 5(3): 263-274.

Ankumah RO, Khan V, Mwamba K, Kpomblekou K. 2003. The influence of source and timing of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of four sweet potato cultivars. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 100: 201-207.

Arshadi MJ, Khazaei HR, Kafi M. 2014. Evaluation of effect of nitrogen topdress fertilizer application by using chlorophyll meter on yield, yield components and growth indices of potato. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11(4): 573-582.

Baghdadi A, Kashani A, Vazan, S. 2016. The effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen rates on yield of silage maize (Zea mays L.) SC 704. International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences, 9: 10-18.

Hosseini A, Nemati SH, Khajehosseini M, Aroiee H. 2017. Effects of different nitrogen and solupotasse fertilizer rate on yield and yield components of potato. IIOABJ, 8(1): 93-97.

Irena A. 2009. Influence of harvest date on nitrate contents of three potato varieties for off-season production. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 22: 551-555.

Jafari F. 2014. Effect of manure application on reduced nitrogen fertilizer consumption potato Cv. Agria. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(8): 2437-2440.

Jalali AH. 2013. Changes in weed seed banks and the potato yield as affected by different amounts of nitrogen and crop residue. International Journal of Plant Production, 7(1): 19-32.

Jamaati Somarih S, Tobeh A, Hassanzadeh M, Hokmalipour S, Zabihi Mahmoodabad R. 2009. Effects of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake from soil and nitrate pollution in potato tuber. Research Journal of Environmental Science, 3: 122-126.

Liu F, Shahnazari A, Andersen MN, Jacobsen SE, Jensen CR. 2006. Physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to partial root-zone drying: ABA signaling, leaf gas exchange, and water use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(14): 3727-3735.

Nyiraneza J, Snapp S. 2007. Integrated management of inorganic and organic nitrogen and efficiency in potato systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 71: 1508-1515.

Ploae M, Diaconu A, Dima M, Nicolae I. 2012. Influence of some agrotechnical factors on physiological indices of potato grown on sandy soils. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 1(149): 37-46.

Poberezny J, Dudek S, Wszelaczynska E, Kumierek-Tomaszewska R, Zarski J, Keutgen AJ. 2012. The nitrates (V) content in the edible potato tubers according to the irrigation, fertilization process and storage. Journal of Elementology Supplement, 17(3): 54-55. 

Poberezny J, Wszelaczynska E, Wichrowska D, Jaskulski D. 2015. Content of nitrates in potato tubers depending on the organic matter, soil fertilizer, cultivation simplifications applied and storage. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 75(1): 42-49.

Pussemier L, Larondelle Y, van Peteghem C, Huyghebaert A. 2006. Chemical safety of conventionally and organically produced foodstuffs a tentative comparison under Belgian conditions. Food Control, 17: 14-21.

Ranjbar M, Nasr Esfahani M, Nasr Esfahani Moh, Salehi S. 2012. Phenology and morpholotical diversity of the main potato cultivars in Iran. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants, 2(3): 201-212.

Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A. 2017. Responses of physiological indices of forage sorghum under different plant populations in various nitrogen fertilizer treatments. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 15(2): 1-8.

Shahrajabian MH, Soleymani A, Naranjani L. 2011. Grain yield and forage characteristics of forage sorghum under different plant densities and nitrogen levels in second cropping after barley in Isfahan, Iran. Research on Crops, 12(1): 68-78.

Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2011. Effect of planting dates and different levels of nitrogen on seed yield and yield components of safflower grown after harvesting of corn in Isfahan, Iran. Research on Crops, 12(3): 739-743.

Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2011. The effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilization on yield, yield components and grain protein of grain sorghum. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 9(3&4): 244-246.

Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on ash, nitrate, organic carbon, protein and total yield of forage maize in semi arid region of Iran. Research on Crops, 13(3): 1030-1034.

Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2012. Evaluation the benefits of different berseem clover cultivars and forage corn intercropping in different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 10(1): 599-601.

Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, Naranjani L. 2013. Effect of planting dates and different levels of nitrogen on seed yield and yield components of nuts sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(46): 5802-5805.

YazdanDoust Hamedani M. 2003. Study of nitrogen effect on yield, yield component and nitrate accumulation in potato varieties. Iranian Agriculture Sciences Journal, 34(3&4): 977-985. 

Zakikhani K, Kashani A, Paknejad A. 2016. Effect of nitrogen level, green and animal manure on the growth attribute of corn crop (Zea mays L.). Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 4(2): 225-231.