Speed Up, Slow Down or Both? Investigating the Contemporary Cities

Space Ontology International Journal

مقاله 1، دوره 7، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 26، آذر 2018، صفحه 1-10   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

نویسندگان

Azadeh Pourtazak¹؛ Seyed Hossein Bahrainy^{* 2}؛ Mohammad Naghizadeh³

¹PhD. Candidate, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

²Professor, Faculty of fine arts, University of Tehran, Tehran , Iran.

³Professor, Department of Art and Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran , Iran.

چکیده

Speed as a crucial phenomenon of modernism affects individual and collective life of human being and changes the traits of the places people live in. Increasing speed is the demand of the modern era, though on the other side in recent years there is a contrary incline towards slowing down different aspects of life. In view of this, the dualities in between social features of Speed up and slow down in current era is investigated in this paper and the interconnection of social and urban aspects is studied. This is obtained by analyzing the basic elements of speed included the space and time; two main modes of travel comprised of transportation and telecommunication; and the correlation between social and urban structure. Accordingly a paradoxical implication is derived from the factors relied on speed and slowness. Such standpoint is overviewed in a "balanced notion" in such a way that the positive sides of speed are accepted and the negative features ignored. Such analysis indicates the use of accelerated and creative technologies in a sustainable manner, as a result more time is saved in comparison to pre-modern eras and could be spent on different real and virtual activities. The balanced notion is regarded some regulations, educations, or policies to convince people to control over speed, do specified amount of essential activities per day and devote the rest time on social interactions in urban public spaces.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Speed Up؛ Slow Down؛ Time and Space؛ Transportation and Telecommunication؛ Social and Urban Structure

مراجع

1. Agger, B. (2004). Speeding up fast capitalism: Cultures, jobs, families, schools, bodies. Routledge.
2. Ascher, F. (2007). Multimobility, Multispeed Cities. places-massachusetts-, 19(1), 36.
3. Bahrainy, S.H.(1999). Modernism, Postmodernism and After in Urbanization. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (In persian)
4. Bahrainy, S.H., Boluki.B., Taghabon.S. (2011). The analysis of contemporary urban design theories . Tehran: Tehran University Press. (In persian)
5. Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport policy, 15(2), pp. 73-80.
6. Banister, D. (2011). The trilogy of distance, speed and time. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), pp. 950-959.
7. Breuer, S. (2009). The nihilism of speed: on the work of Paul Virilio. High-Speed Society: Social Acceleration, Power and Modernity. Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania State University, pp. 215-241.
8. Brown, L. J., Dixon, D., & Gillham, O. (2009). Urban design for an urban century: placemaking for people. Wiley.
9. Bohm , David. (1980), Wholeness and the implicate order. Routledge Classics. Published in the Taylor and Francis e-library.2005.
10. Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., & Tiesdell, S. (2003). Public Spaces-Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Routledge.
11. Carmona, M. (2015). Re-theorising contemporary public space: a new narrative and a new normative. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 8(4), pp. 373-405.
12. Castells, M. (1996). The network society (Vol. 469). Oxford: Blackwell.
13. Dear, M., & Flusty, S. (1998). Postmodern urbanism. Annals of the Association of American geographers, 88(1), pp. 50-72.
14. Downs, A. (2000). Stuck in traffic: Coping with peak-hour traffic congestion. Brookings Institution Press.
15. Frederick, M.(2007).101 things I learned in architecture school. Cambridge: MIT Press.
16. Gandelsonas, M. (2008). Slow Infrastructure. At https://cauiprinceton.files.wordpress.co
17. Gane, N. (2006). Speed up or slow down? Social theory in the informationage. Information, Community and Society, 9(1), pp. 20-38.
18. Graham, S., & Marvin, S. (2001). Splintering urbanism: networked infrastructures, technological mobilities and the urban condition. Psychology Press.
19. Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity (Vol. 14). Oxford: Blackwell.
20. Hassan, R. (2009). Empires of speed: Time and the acceleration of politics and society (Vol. 4). Brill.
21. Hodge, D. C. (1992). Urban congestion: Reshaping urban life. Urban Geography, 13(6), pp. 577-588.
22. Honoré, C. (2009). In praise of slowness: Challenging the cult of speed. Harper Collins.
23. Innis, H. A. (2007). Empire and communications. Rowman & Littlefield.
24. Kellerman, A. (2006). Personal Mobilities. Routledge.
25. Koepnick, L. (2014). On slowness: Toward an aesthetic of the contemporary. Columbia University Press.
26. Le Corbusier (1971) The City of Tomorrow and its Planning. London:The Architectural Press. Trans Frederick Etchells. (First published as l’Urbanism in 1924.)
27. LeGates, R. T., & Stout, F. (Eds.). (2015). The city reader. Routledge.
28. Lyons, G. (2015). Transport's digital age transition. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 8(2), pp. 1-19.
29. McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media.
30. Millar, J., & Schwarz, M. (Eds.). (1998). Speed: Visions of an Accelerated Age. Photographers' Gallery; Trustees of the Whitechapel Art Gallery.
31. Pedret, A. (2001). CIAM and the emergence of Team 10 thinking, 1945-1959 (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
32. Rosa, H. (2003). Social acceleration: ethical and political consequences of a desynchronized high–speed society. Constellations, 10(1), pp. 3-33.
33. Shoorche, M. (2013). New conceptions in urban systems. Tehran: Modiran Emrooz.
34. Smith, P. (1974). F. The Dynamism of Urbanism.
35. Smithson, A. (1982). The Emergence of Team Ten out of CIAM.
36. Tomlinson, J. (2007). The culture of speed: The coming of immediacy. Sage.
37. Trancik, R. (1986). Finding lost space: theories of urban design. John Wiley & Sons.
38. Urry, John. (2000), Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge.
39. Urry, J. (2003). Global complexity.Cambridge: Polity.
40. Virilio, P. (1999). Politics of the Very Worst: An Interview by Philip Pettit. Semiotext (e).
41. Vostal, F. (2014). Thematizing speed: Between critical theory and cultural analysis. European Journal of Social Theory, 17(1), 95-114.
42. Vostal, F. (2017). Slowing down modernity: A critique. Time & Society.
43. Wajcman, J. (2014). Pressed for time: The acceleration of life in digital capitalism. University of Chicago Press.
44. Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. N. (1994). The Quantum Society Mind, Physics and a New Social Vision.