A review of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility analysis of Indian dykes: Implications for magma emplacement

Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences

مقاله 1، دوره 11، شماره 1، فروردین 2019، صفحه 1-13   

نوع مقاله: Original Research Paper

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/ijes.2019.544593

نویسندگان

Ayanangshu Das؛ Jyotirmoy Mallik^* ؛ Krishanu Bandyopadhyay؛ Rais Alam

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Madhya Paradesh, India.

چکیده

The analysis of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) is a powerful and rapid technique to examine the preferred orientations of mineral (magnetic) fabrics and can indicate the nature of a magma transport (vertical or lateral). The relationship between magnetic fabric and geometry of a dyke swarm enables us to understand magma emplacement processes. Depending on the mutual relationship of magnetic fabric and individual dyke geometry, mode of magma transport is interpreted. The knowledge on the nature of magma transport combined with information on geometry, magmatic overpressure and geochemistry enable us to comment on dyke emplacement processes, the location of possible feeders, syn-emplacement and post-emplacement deformations and prevailing stress regime during emplacement. A number of dykes and dyke swarms have been emplaced into the Indian shield at different points in time. Their ages vary from the Mesoarchean to Tertiary. We present here a review of three case studies where AMS technique was applied to the samples collected from Indian dykes. Two case studies are on the Proterozoic dykes that intruded into the Dharwar craton and the third case study is on Mesozoic dykes that punctured the South Indian Granulite Terrain (SIGT). The dykes generally show “normal” anisotropy fabric to indicate vertical magma emplacement with few exceptions where lateral/inclined magma flow was suggested or the results were inconclusive. We present here a critical review on the interpretation of such “anomalous” fabrics and comment on further studies that can be carried out to extract more information from such results.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS)؛ Dyke؛ Fabric؛ Emplacement

مراجع

1. Airoldi G, Muirhead JD, White JD, Rowland J (2011) Emplacement of magma at shallow depth: insights from field relationships at Allan Hills, south Victoria Land, East Antarctica, Antarctic Science 23:281-296.
2. Archanjo CJ, Trindade RI, Macedo JWP, Araújo MG (2000) Magnetic fabric of a basaltic dyke swarm associated with Mesozoic rifting in northeastern Brazil, Journal of South American Earth Sciences 13:179-189.
3. Aubourg C, De Lamotte DF, Poisson A, Mercier E (1997) Magnetic fabrics and oblique ramp-related folding: a case study from the western Taurus (Turkey), Journal of Structural Geology 19:1111-1120.
4. Aubourg C, Giordano G, Mattei M, Speranza F (2002) Magma flow in sub-aqueous rhyolitic dikes inferred from magnetic fabric analysis (Ponza Island, W. Italy), Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 27:1263-1272.
5. Aubourg C, Rochette P, Stéphan J-F, Popoff M, Chabert-Pelline C (1999) The magnetic fabric of weakly deformed Late Jurassic shales from the southern subalpines chains (French Alps): evidence for SW-directed tectonic transport direction, Tectonophysics 307:15-31.
6. Averbuch O, de Lamotte DF, Kissel C (1992) Magnetic fabric as a structural indicator of the deformation path within a fold-thrust structure: a test case from the Corbières (NE Pyrenees, France), Journal of Structural Geology 14:461-474.
7. Borradaile G, Henry B (1997) Tectonic applications of magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy, Earth-Science Reviews 42:49-93.
8. Borradaile GJ, Jackson M (2004) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS): magnetic petrofabrics of deformed rocks, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 238:299-360.
9. Borradaile GJ, Tarling DH (1981) The influence of deformation mechanisms on magnetic fabrics in weakly deformed rocks, Tectonophysics 77:151-168.
10. Butler RF, Banerjee SK (1975) Theoretical single‐domain grain size range in magnetite and titanomagnetite, Journal of Geophysical Research 80:4049-4058.
11. Cañón-Tapia E (2004) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of lava flows and dykes: a historical account, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 238:205-225.
12. Crookshank H (1963) Geology of southern Bastar and Jeypore from Bailadila range to Eastern Ghats, Geological Survey of India, Memoir 87:96-108.
13. Curtis ML, Riley TR, Owens WH, Leat PT, Duncan RA (2008) The form, distribution and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of Jurassic dykes in HU Sverdrupfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Implications for dyke swarm emplacement, Journal of Structural Geology 30:1429-1447.
14. Drury S, Harris N, Holt R, Reeves-Smith G, Wightman R (1984) Precambrian tectonics and crustal evolution in South India, The Journal of Geology 92:3-20.
15. Dunlop DJ, Özdemir Ö (2001) Rock magnetism: fundamentals and frontiers vol 3. Cambridge university press,
16. Dunn JA (1929) The geology of north Singhbhum including parts of Ranchi and Manbhum districts, Mem Geol Surv India 54:166.
17. Ernst RE, Baragar W (1992) Evidence from magnetic fabric for the flow pattern of magma in the Mackenzie giant radiating dyke swarm, Nature 356:511.
18. French JE, Heaman LM, Chacko T, Srivastava RK (2008) 1891–1883 Ma Southern Bastar–Cuddapah mafic igneous events, India: A newly recognized large igneous province, Precambrian Research 160:308-322.
19. Geoffroy L, Callot J, Aubourg C, Moreira M (2002) Magnetic and plagioclase linear fabric discrepancy in dykes: a new way to define the flow vector using magnetic foliation, Terra Nova 14:183-190.
20. Gopalan K, Macdougall J, Roy A, Murali A (1990) Sm-Nd evidence for 3.3 Ga old rocks in Rajasthan, northwestern India, Precambrian Research 48:287-297.
21. Graham JW (1996) Significance of magnetic anisotropy in Appalachian sedimentary rocks, The Earth Beneath the Continents: A Volume of Geophysical Studies in Honor of Merle A Tuve:627-648.
22. Halls H, Zhang B (1995) Magnetic polarity domains in the Early Proterozoic Matachewan dyke swarm, Canada: a novel method for mapping major faults, Physics and chemistry of dykes Edited by G Baer and A Heimann Balkema, Rotterdam:165-170.
23. Haxby W, Turcotte D, Bird J (1976) Thermal and mechanical evolution of the Michigan Basin. In:  Developments in Geotectonics, vol 12. Elsevier, pp 57-75
24. Hrouda F (1982) Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics, Geophysical surveys 5:37-82.
25. Hrouda F (1991) Models of magnetic anisotropy variations in sedimentary thrust sheets, Tectonophysics 185:203-210.
26. Hrouda F (1993) Theoretical models of magnetic anisotropy to strain relationship revisited, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 77:237-249.
27. Khan MA (1962) The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of some igneous and metamorphic rocks, Journal of Geophysical Research 67:2873-2885.
28. Kissel C, Laj C, Sigurdsson H, Guillou H (2010) Emplacement of magma in Eastern Iceland dikes: insights from magnetic fabric and rock magnetic analyses, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 191:79-92.
29. Knight MD, Walker GP (1988) Magma flow directions in dikes of the Koolau Complex, Oahu, determined from magnetic fabric studies, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 93:4301-4319.
30. Kumar A, Parashuramulu V, Nagaraju E (2015) A 2082 Ma radiating dyke swarm in the Eastern Dharwar Craton, southern India and its implications to Cuddapah basin formation, Precambrian Research 266:490-505.
31. Maffione M, Hernandez-Moreno C, Ghiglione MC, Speranza F, van Hinsbergen DJ, Lodolo E (2015) Constraints on deformation of the Southern Andes since the Cretaceous from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Tectonophysics 665:236-250.
32. Mallik J, Mathew G, Greiling R (2009) Magnetic fabric variations along the fault related anticlines of Eastern Kachchh, Western India, Tectonophysics 473:428-445.
33. Mamtani MA, Pal T, Greiling RO (2013) Kinematic analysis using AMS data from a deformed granitoid, Journal of Structural Geology 50:119-132.
34. Nagaraju J, Chetty T, Prasad GV, Patil S (2008) Transpressional tectonics during the emplacement of Pasupugallu Gabbro Pluton, western margin of Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India: evidence from AMS fabrics, Precambrian Research 162:86-101.
35. Pan X, Shen Z, Roberts AP, Heslop D, Shi L (2014) Syntectonic emplacement of Late Cretaceous mafic dyke swarms in coastal southeastern China: insights from magnetic fabrics, rock magnetism and field evidence, Tectonophysics 637:328-340.
36. Parés JM, van der Pluijm BA, Dinarès-Turell J (1999) Evolution of magnetic fabrics during incipient deformation of mudrocks (Pyrenees, northern Spain), Tectonophysics 307:1-14.
37. Park JK, Tanczyk EI, Desbarats A (1988) Magnetic fabric and its significance in the 1400 Ma Mealy diabase dykes of Labrador, Canada, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 93:13689-13704.
38. Potter DK, Stephenson A (1988) Single‐domain particles in rocks and magnetic fabric analysis, Geophysical Research Letters 15:1097-1100.
39. Prasad J, Satyanarayana K, Gawali P (1999) Palaeomagnetic and low-field AMS studies of Proterozoic dykes and their basement rocks around Harohalli, South India, Journal of the Geological Society of India 54:57-68.
40. Pratheesh P, Prasannakumar V, Praveen K (2011) Mafic dykes of Moyar Shear Zone, north Kerala, India: emplacement history and petrogenetic interpretation based on structure, geochemistry and magnetic fabric, Iran J Earth Sci 3:185-193.
41. Radhakrishna T, Joseph M (1993) Proterozoic palaeomagnetism of South Indian Shield and tectonic constraints, Mem Geol Soc India 25:321-336.
42. Radhakrishna T, Joseph M, Thampi P, Mitchell J (1990) Phanerozoic mafic dyke intrusions from the high grade terrain of southwestern India: K-Ar isotope and geochemical implications, Ma¢ c Dykes and Emplacement Mechanisms, AA Balkema, Rotterdam:363-372.
43. Ramakrishnan M (1990) Crustal development in southern Bastar, Central India craton, Geol Surv India Spec Publ 28:44-66.
44. Rao DS, Khan M, Sridhar D, Raju KN (2007) A new find of younger dolerite dykes with continental flood basalt affinity from the Meso-Neoproterozoic Chhattisgarh basin, Bastar craton, Central India, Journal of the Geological Society of India 69:80.
45. Rao JM (2002) Petrology and Geochemistry of Dolerite Dykes, West Gar0 Hills, Meghalaya: A Preliminary Study, Gondwana Research 5:884-888.
46. Raposo MIB, D'Agrella-Filho MS (2000) Magnetic fabrics of dike swarms from SE Bahia State, Brazil: their significance and implications for Mesoproterozoic basic magmatism in the Sao Francisco Craton, Precambrian Research 99:309-325.
47. Raposo MIB, D'Agrella-Filho MS, Pinese JPP (2007) Magnetic fabrics and rock magnetism of Archaean and Proterozoic dike swarms in the southern São Francisco Craton, Brazil, Tectonophysics 443:53-71.
48. Raposo MIB, Ernesto M (1995) Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in the Ponta Grossa dyke swarm (Brazil) and its relationship with magma flow direction, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 87:183-196.
49. Rasband W (2012) ImageJ: Image processing and analysis in Java, Astrophysics Source Code Library.
50. Ray R, Sheth HC, Mallik J (2007) Structure and emplacement of the Nandurbar–Dhule mafic dyke swarm, Deccan Traps, and the tectonomagmatic evolution of flood basalts, Bulletin of Volcanology 69:537.
51. Renjith A, Mamtani MA, Urai JL (2016) Fabric analysis of quartzites with negative magnetic susceptibility–Does AMS provide information of SPO or CPO of quartz?, Journal of Structural Geology 82:48-59.
52. Rochette P (1988) Inverse magnetic fabric in carbonate-bearing rocks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90:229-237.
53. Rochette P, Jackson M, Aubourg C (1992) Rock magnetism and the interpretation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, Reviews of Geophysics 30:209-226.
54. Rochette P, Jenatton L, Dupuy C, Boudier F, Reuber I (1991) Diabase dikes emplacement in the Oman ophiolite: a magnetic fabric study with reference to geochemistry. In:  Ophiolite genesis and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere. Springer, pp 55-82
55. Saha D, Chakraborty S (2003) Deformation pattern in the Kurnool and Nallarnalai Groups in the northeastern part (Palnad area) of the Cuddapah Basin, South India and its implication on Rodinia/Gondwana tectonics, Gondwana Research 6:573-583.
56. Saha S, Das K, Chakraborty PP, Das P, Karmakar S, Mamtani MA (2013) Tectono-magmatic evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Singhora basin, central India: Evidence for compressional tectonics from structural data, AMS study and geochemistry of basic rocks, Precambrian Research 227:276-294.
57. Saint-Bezar B, Hebert R, Aubourg C, Robion P, Swennen R, De Lamotte DF (2002) Magnetic fabric and petrographic investigation of hematite-bearing sandstones within ramp-related folds: examples from the South Atlas Front (Morocco), Journal of Structural Geology 24:1507-1520.
58. Sarkar A Geochronology of Proterozoic mafic dykes from the Bundelkhand Craton Central India. In: International Conference on Isotopes in Solar Systems, Ahmedabad, India, 1997, 1997.
59. Sheibi M, Mirnejad H, Moghaddam MP (2016) Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy as a predictive exploration tool of metasomatic iron oxide deposits: Example from the Panj-Kuh iron ore body, NE Iran, Ore Geology Reviews 72:612-628.
60. Sinha-Roy S, Furnes H (1981) Petrology and geochemistry of mafic and felsic dykes from passive continental margin of Kerala region, India, Neues Jahrb Miner Abh 142:49-70.
61. Srivastava RK (1996) Contrasting Precambrian mafic dykes of the Bastar craton, Central India: petrological and geochemical characteristics, J Geol Soc India 48:537-546.
62. Srivastava RK (2006) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Neoarchaean high-Mg low-Ti mafic igneous rocks in an intracratonic setting, Central India craton: Evidence for boninite magmatism, Geochemical Journal 40:15-31.
63. Srivastava RK (2008) Global Intracratonic Boninite-Norite Magmatism during the Neoarchean—Paleoproterozoic: Evidence from the Central Indian Bastar Craton, International Geology Review 50:61-74.
64. Srivastava RK, Jayananda M, Gautam GC, Gireesh V, Samal AK (2014) Geochemistry of an ENE-WSW to NE-SW trending ~2.37 Ga mafic dyke swarm of the eastern Dharwar Craton, India: Does it represents a single magmatic event?, Geochemistry 74(2):251-265.
65. Srivastava RK, Singh R (2003) Geochemistry of high-Mg mafic dykes from the Bastar Craton: evidence of Late Archaean boninite-like rocks in an intracratonic setting, Current Science 85:808-811.
66. Srivastava RK, Sinha AK (2004) Geochemistry of Early Cretaceous alkaline ultramafic-mafic complex from Jasra, Karbi Anglong, Shillong plateau, northeastern India, Gondwana Research 7:549-561.
67. Srivastava RK, SÖderland U, Earnst RE, Mondal SK, Samal AK (2018) Precambrian mafic dyke swarms in the Singbhum Craton (eastern India) and their link with dyke swarms of eastern Dharwar Craton (southern India), Precambrian Research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.08.001.
68. Stephenson A (1994) Distribution anisotropy: two simple models for magnetic lineation and foliation, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 82:49-53.
69. Symons D (1975) Age and flow direction from magnetic measurements on the historic Aiyansh flow, British Columbia, Journal of Geophysical Research 80:2622-2626.
70. Tarling D, Hrouda F (1993) Magnetic anisotropy of rocks. Springer Science & Business Media,
71. Tauxe L, Gee J, Staudigel H (1998) Flow directions in dikes from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data: the bootstrap way, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103:17775-17790.
72. Valdiya K (1988) Geology and Natural En vironment of Nainital Hills, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital:150.
73. Wiegand M, Trumbull RB, Kontny A, Greiling RO (2017) An AMS study of magma transport and emplacement mechanisms in mafic dykes from the Etendeka Province, Namibia, Tectonophysics 716:149-167.
74. Wing-Fatt L, Stacey FD (1966) Magnetic anisotropy of laboratory materials in which magma flow is simulated, pure and applied geophysics 64:78-80.
75. Yellappa T, Chetty T, Santosh M (2012) Tectonic framework of southern Bastar Craton, Central India: a study based on different spatial information data sets, Geological Journal 47:161-185.