اثر سطوح مختلف بیوچار بر صفات فیزیولوژیک کدو (Cucurbita pepo L.) تحت تنش کمبود آب

فیزیولوژی محیطی گیاهی

مقاله 2، دوره 13، شماره 49، فروردین 1397، صفحه 13-32   

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

نویسندگان

علی رضا صفاهانی^{* 1}؛ رضا نورا²

¹گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.

²گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

چکیده

اخیرا، بیوچار توجه زیادی را به‌عنوان یک راهبرد قابل قبول برای افزایش بهره­وری گیاه زراعی به خود جلب کرده است. کمبود آب، بهره­وری کشاورزی را محدود و یک راه حل ممکن برای این مشکل، استفاده از بیوچار است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر بیوچار بر فیزیولوژی و عملکرد کدو تخم پوست کاغذی (Cucurbita  pepo L.) تحت تنش کمبود آب بود. برای این منظور، آزمایشی فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دو سال متوالی (1395-1394) در شهرستان گرگان انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل چهار دور آبیاری 45، 60، 75 و 90 درصد تخلیه رطوبت قابل استفاده در خاک (I1-I4) و بیوچار با مقادیر 0، 5، 10 و 20 تن در هکتار  بود (B0-B20). تشدید کم آبیاری فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی‌اکسیدان و گونه­های واکنشی اکسیژن در برگ کدو را نسبت به تیمار آبیاری 45 درصد، افزایش داد. در مقابل، تمام فعالیت­های آنتی­اکسیدانی، گونه­های واکنشی اکسیژن و محتوای پرولین برگ کدو در خاک تیمار شده با بیوچار، بویژه در تیمار 20 تن بیوچار در هکتار ­، کاهش نشان داد و همچنین بیشترین و کمترین صفات مذکور به ترتیب به تیمارهای I4B0 و I1B20 متعلق بود. جالب توجه است که کاربرد بیوچار اثرات منفی کم آبیاری را بر پارامترهای تبادل گازی برگ، کلروفیل و جذب عناصر غذایی، عملکرد محصول، راندمان مصرف آب و وضعیت آبی گیاه را کاهش داد. عملکرد بذر کاهش 6، 46 و 58 درصدی در I2،I3  و I4 در مقایسه با تیمار I1، بدون در نظر گرفتن میزان بیوچار استفاده شده، نشان داد. نتایج واقعی و شبیه سازی شده، نشان دهنده سطح آستانه کاربرد بیوچار برای هر تیمار آبیاری با توجه به عملکرد دانه بود. میزان پاسخ به بیوچار در مقادیر پایین بیوچار، با افزایش شدت کم آبیاری کند و متوقف شد. اما واکنش تیمار I2 به بیوچار، در مقدار بالای بیوچار به عنوان بیوچار آستانه (B_critical)، 14  تن بیوچار در هکتار متوقف شد. این بدان معنی است که تیمار I2 واکنش کدو به بیوچار را بهبود بخشید که با راندمان مصرف آب بالاتری همراه بود. این نتایج نشان می­دهد که کاربرد بیوچار می­تواند یک راهبرد موفق برای بهبود بهره­ وری آب و افزایش تولید محصول در منطقه مورد مطالعه (گرگان) باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تنش خشکی؛ حداکثر درصد تخلیه؛ راندمان مصرف آب؛ عملکرد دانه؛ فعالیت‌های آنتی اکسیدانی

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