تأثیر ساختار ژیوپلیتیک حاکم بر روابط روسیه و ایالات متحده آمریکابر رقابت آنها در جنوب غرب آسیا

فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی

مقاله 14، دوره 11، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 42، اردیبهشت 1398، صفحه 239-260   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی استخراج ازرساله و پایان نامه

نویسندگان

سجاد مرادی نیا^{* 1}؛ زهرا پیشگاهی فرد²؛ کیومرث یزدان پناه³؛ بهادر زارعی³

¹دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

²استاد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

³استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
ایالات متحده آمریکا و روسیه از زمانی که قدرت بریتانیا رو به افول گذاشت و آمریکا کم کم جای آن را گرفت، وارد رقابت در منطقه آسیا و شرق اروپا شدند. این رقابت و گاه رویارویی در زمان شوروی و پس از جنگ جهانی اول به اوج خود رسید و منجر به جنگ سرد شد که تا 1991 میلادی ادامه یافت. پس از فروپاشی شوروی این رقابت نیز برای یک دهه از بین رفت و رویکردهایی مبتنی بر روابط دوستانه با غرب و آمریکا مطرح شد. اما با ترمیم قدرت روسیه به دست ولادیمیر پوتین که خود از بازماندگان دستگاه­های امنیتی شوروی بود، مجدداً بحث رقابت روسیه به عنوان یک ابرقدرت با آمریکا مطرح شد که با اشغال شبه جزیره کریمه و حمله به سوریه در حمایت از بشاراسد، این رقابت جدید واقعیت عملی یافت. حضور روسیه در سوریه، همکاری با ایران و کشورهای حوزه خلیج فارس و اقداماتش در قبال امنیت افغانستان و نیز بازتعریف اهداف سیاست­خارجی و امنیتی-نظامی روسیه در اسناد استراتژیک این کشور از سال 2015 به بعد، نشانگر ورود روسیه به عرصه رقابت با آمریکا در منطقه جنوب غربی آسیا است. روابط و رقابت روسیه و آمریکا در مناطق مختلف و نیز جنوب غرب آسیا تابعی از ساختارهای معنایی، مادی و منافع این دو کشور به صورت کلی و نیز منطقه­ای است که به طور کل در درون یک ساختار ژیوپلیتیکی قابل تعریف است. بنابراین در این مقاله سعی شده با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی نشان دهد، از منظر سازه­انگاری، ساختار ژیوپلیتیکی چگونه بر رقابت بین روسیه و ایالات متحده آمریکا در منطقه جنوب غربی آسیا تأثیر می­گذارد؟ نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد، دو کشور روسیه و ایلات متحده آمریکا رقابت تنگاتنگی در حوزه‌های مختلف همچون شرکای استراتژیک و انگاره فضاها و موقعیت­های ارزشمند ژیوپلیتیکی دارند.

Abstract
Since the British power has been declining, the United States has replaced it. the United States and Russia entered the competition in the Asian and Eastern European region. This competition peaked after World War I and leading to the Cold War, which lasted until 1991. With the reign of Russia during the reign of President Vladimir Putin, Russia's rivalry as a major power with the USA was raised. This new competition was observed in reality with the occupation of the Crimean Peninsula and the invasion of Syria in support of Bashar al-Assad. Russia's presence in Syria, cooperation with Iran and the Persian Gulf countries surrounding, and its actions for the security of Afghanistan As well as redefine the goals of Russian foreign policy and security in its strategic documents from 2015 onwards, Reflects Russia's entry into the region of the USA in the Southwest Asia region. This article tries to analyze this geopolitical structure on the basis of the Constructivism approach Alexander Wendt.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

واژگان کلیدی: ژیوپلیتیک؛ سازه‌انگاری؛ منطقه جنوب غرب آسیا؛ روسیه؛ ایالات متحده آمریکا؛ الگوی رقابت

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