Land Use and the Efficiency of Transportation Laws with Regard to Air Pollution in Tehran Metropolitan Area

Space Ontology International Journal

مقاله 5، دوره 9، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 32، خرداد 2020، صفحه 65-75   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

نویسندگان

Vahid Moshfeghi¹؛ Gholamreza Haghighat Naeini^{* 2}؛ Mitra Habibi²

¹Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Farabi International Campus Art University, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Architecture and Urban planning, Art University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده

Air pollution is a major concern and challenge of Tehran urban management. Various rules, regulations and laws had been codified with respect to this matter. Investigating the effectiveness of laws and regulations and the responsibility of the governmental trustee is one of the administrative and executive aspects of air pollution control that has received less attention than its technical and infrastructural dimensions. This study highlights the legal and executive challenges of air pollution and its related actors; the enforcement of laws and regulations concerning air pollution in the field of land-use and transportation has been addressed. The purpose of this article is to suggest an applicable (applied) framework embracing a descriptive-qualitative method. The following data has been extracted through documentaries, library studies, and semi-structured interviews. Finally, the role of each actor concerning air pollution has been analyzed in Tehran urban area using the actuator network theory by cluster analysis in UCI-NET6 software. Study of the feasibility of the reviewed laws and regulations illustrated that among 79 extracted substances, only 17.8% of those were fully completed. Moreover, 60% of laws have a single trustee and the remaining 40% is defined as a joint action between the systems. The 8, out of 20 main actors have been recognized who are the law trustees. These actors are responsible for carrying out 87 percent of all studied regulations. The results show that the Department of Environment, which is responsible for matters related to safeguarding the environment, has no significant role in implementing the air pollution regulations as the main body responsible for the air quality control, and it has no topological connection with other organs either. Sectorial and organizational views and lack of supervisory and punitive mechanisms and government issues implementing rules and regulations of for air quality control policies are the most important problems in the low realizability of policies and laws.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Laws and Regulations؛ Air Pollution؛ Transportation؛ Land use؛ Tehran

مراجع

1. Bank, T. W., & IHME. (2016). The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action. Seattle: University of Washington.
2. Baum-Snow, N., & Kahn, M.E, M. (2005). Effects of urban railtrans it expansions: evidence from sixteen cities, 1970–2000. Brook.-Whart.Pap.UrbanAff.
3. Biswas, A., Farzanegan, M., & Marcel, T. (2012). Pollution, Shadow Economy and Corruption: Theory and Evidence. cological Economics, 57, 114-125.
4. Chiang Chang, Y., & Wang, N. (2010). Environmental regulations and emissions trading in China. Energy Policy, 38, 3356–3364.
5. Cole, M., & Elliott, R. (2005). FDI and the Capital Intensity of Dirty’s Sectors: a Missing Piece of the Pollution Haven Puzzle. Development Economics, 5, 530–548.
6. Conrad Juergensmeyer, J. (1967). Control of air poluution through the assertion of private rights. Duke Law Journal, 1, 1126-1155.
7. Dabiri F, Kiani M, (2008). Preventative laws and regulations Including assessment of environmental impacts In Iran and several industrialized countries, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST), Volume 9, Issue 4,95-110.
8. DorothéeSlovic A., Ribeiro H. (2018). Policy instruments surrounding urban air quality: The cases of São Paulo, New York City and Paris. Environmental Science & Policy.Volume 81,Pages 1-9.
9. Edussuriya, P., Chan, A., & Yec, A. (2011). Urban morphology and air quality in dense residential environments in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 4789–4803.
10. EEA. (1998). Europe’s Environment: the Second Assessment. Elsevier Science Ltd., 293- 298.
11. Eslamlouian K, Dehghan Menshadi M. (2008). Examining Environmental Kuznets Curve in Middle EAST, The journal of Economic Policy,  Volume 10, Issue 34, 57-71.
12. Fetros, M: Karimi R, (2017). Impact of Underground Economy on CO2 Emission in Iran 1987-2012. Journal of Fiscal and Economic Policies; 5 (18):45-76
13. Givoni, B. (1998). Climate Considerations in Building and Urban design. New York: Van Nostrand, Reinhold.
14. Greenstone, M., & Hanna, R. (2014). Environmental Regulations, Air and Water Pollution and Infant Mortality in India. American Economic, 104(10), 3038–3072.
15. Hannah, R., & Max, R. (2018). Air Pollution. Retrieved from OurWorldInData.org: https://ourworldindata.org/air-pollution
16. Harati Javad; Taghizadeh Hojat; Amini Toktam, (2016).Investigating the Impacts of Trade and Political Variables on Environmental Performance Index:A Dynaminc Panel Analysis, Economic Policy, Volume 7, Issue 14, 129-157.
17. Karimi D; Mousavi Madani N, (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of laws and regulations governing air pollution in Iran, Environmental Sciences and Technology, , Volume 19, Issue 4, 571-581
18. khosh manesh zadeh B., Monavari S M., Dabiri F., (2012). Comparative Study of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Legislative Systems in Different Countries with Comparison the Case in IRAN, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (JEST), Volume 14, Issue 2, 115-122.
19. Lesani S B.; Edalatju A., (2017). The Analysis of Institution Model of the Fiftieth Principle of constitutional law under the Protection of Environmental Supporter Governmental and Nongovernmental Organizations, Environmental Sciences and Technology, Volume 19, Issue 3, 217-227.
20. Lin B., Zhu J. (2018). Changes in urban air quality during urbanization in China, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 188, Pages 312-321.
21. Letcher Trevor M., Vallero Daniel A. (2019). Waste: A Handbook for Management, Edition 2, Academic Press, ISBN 9780128154427
22. Maddah, M., Raoufi, F, (2017). Direct and Indirect Effects of Government Expenditures on Pollution Based on Simultaneous Equations System Approach .Env. Sci. Tech., Vol. 19, Special No.4, 155-166.
23. Miao Z., Baležentis T., Shao S., Chang D. (2019), Energy use, industrial soot and vehicle exhaust pollution—China's regional air pollution recognition, performance decomposition and governance, Energy Economics ,Volume 83, Pages 501-514.
24. Mousavi Sarvine Baghi A., (2014). Urban Design Guide with a Carbon Emission Approach (A case study of Semnan),MS.c Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University.
25. Municipalty of tehran., Tehran Detailed Plan, (2006). Municipalty Of tehran.
26. Najafi H.; Afzali R.; Hataminejad H.; Shams R., (2013). Air Pollution management in cities and Situation of Municipalities, Scientific - Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) Volume 22, Issue 85, 59-78.
27. Nazari R.; Mahdavi Adeli M.; Dadgar Y., (2015). Study of the Factors Influenced Environment Pollution in Iran During 1974-2013, Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, Volume 6, Issue 21, 47-60.
28. Nelson, A., & Sanchez, T. (1997). The influence of MARTA on population and employment location. 76th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington DC.
29. Nimmo, R. (2011). Actor-network theory and methodology: social research in a more-than-human world. Methodological Innovations Online, 6(3), 108-119.
30. Obeng-Odoom, F. (2015). Understanding Land Grabs in Africa: Insights from Marxist and Georgist Political Economics. Rev Black Polit Econ, 42, 337–354.
31. Outwater, M., Smith, C., Walters, J., Welch, B., Cerver, R., Kockelman, K., & Kuzmyak, J. (2014). Effect of Smart Growth Policies on Travel Demand. Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), Transportation Research Board.
32. Pajooyan J., Tabrizaian B. (2010). Analysis of the Relationship between the Economic Growth and Environment Pollution Using a Dynamic Simulation Model, Iranian Journal of Economic Research, Volume 10, Issue 38, Autumn 2010, 175-203
33. Qazi Tabatabaei, M: Vadahir, A. (2008). Sociology of Technology: A reflection on recent developments in the sociology of science, Social Scince Letter, Volume 31, Issue 1, 125-142.
34. Ramezani H. (2018). Infill development in old fabrics (A case study of Tehran 12 District), PhD thesis, Islamic Azad University of EUA.
35. Ranjbar SaadatAbadi A.; Mohammadian L. (2010). Study of Mean Pressure Patterns Based on Different Levels of Occurrence of CO Pollutant in Tehran for the Summer and Autumn Seasons, Physical Geography Research, Volume 42, Issue 72, 111-128
36. Santamouris, M., & Kolokotsa, D. (2016). Passive cooling of buildings, recent progress on passive cooling convective technologies (pp. 75-88). Advanced environmental wind engineering: Springer.
37. Schultze, C. (1975). Pollution, prices, and public policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
38. Tehran municipality, Deputy of Transportation and Traffic of Tehran City (2018). Social Work Report.
39. The World Bank. (2018). (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee,) Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/.
40. Tilly, C. (1975). Revolutions and collective violence. Hand book of political science, 3.
41. Tominaga, Y., & Stathopoulos, T. (2013). CFD simulation of near-field pollutant dispersion in the urban environment: a review of current modeling techniques. Atmos. Environ, 79, 716-730.
42. Wamsler, C., & Raggers, S. (2018). Principles for supporting city–citizen commoning for climate adaptation: From adaptation governance to sustainable transformation. Environmental Science and Policy, 85.
43. Wang, L., Zhang, F., Pilot, E., Yu, J., Nie, C., & Holdaway, J. (2018). Taking Action on Air Pollution Control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Region: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities. Environmental Research and Public Health, 306(15), 1-27.
44. Wang, X., Sun, X., Wang, S., Zhang, Z., & Zou, W. (2018). Going Green or Going Away? A Spatial Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Environmental Regulations, Biased Technological Progress, and Green Total Factor Productivity. Environmental Research and Public Health, 1917(15), 1-23.
45. YinLee, A. (2016). Limits to Vehicle Emission Control: A Case of Guangzhou. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 36, 106-113.
46. Yousefian S. (2013). Evaluation of the Effect of Highly Complex Form on Climatic Comfort with Emphasis on Air Flow, Case Study of Ekbatan Town, Tehran, MS.c Thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University.
47. Ziaee S.Y., (2015). Status of Environmental Obligations in International Investment Law, Public Law, Volume 15, Issue 42, 191-224.