تبیین جایگاه و نقش اربعین در ارتقای پرستیژ ژئوپلیتیکی تشیع

فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی

مقاله 5، دوره 12، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 47، تیر 1399، صفحه 93-114   

نوع مقاله: ترویجی

نویسندگان

افشین متقی^{* 1}؛ رضا ملاحسینی اردکانی²

¹دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

²دکترای جغرافیای سیاسی و پژوهشگر دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع)، تهران ، ایران

چکیده

امروزه در مباحث ژئوکالچر، پرداختن به تحرکات و اجتماعات بزرگ و اثرگذار به عنوان یکی از جلوه‌های پرستیژ ژئوپلیتیکی، اهمیت مطالعاتی فزاینده‌ای یافته است. در میان شیعیان، زیارت از مناسک و شعائر بسیار مهم دینی است و در متون روایی شیعه تاکید زیادی بر آن شده است. اما وقتی روی زیارت کربلا تکیه می‌شود، مسئله صرفاً جنبه فردی و معنوی ندارد و باتوجه به عقب سیاسی-هویتی واقعه عاشورا، کارکردهای سیاسی-اجتماعی این زیارت پررنگ‌تر می‌شود. در این میان بر زیارت اربعین بیش از دیگر روزها تأکید شده و اربعین از‌ این‌ منظر، صرفاً یک آیین مذهبی و درون‌ دینی نیست؛ بلکه باید‌ آن‌را آیینی انسانی، فراملیتی‌ برشمرد که ظرفیت‌های پیدا و پنهان آن می‌تواند در راستای ارتقای پرستیژ ژئوپلیتیکی شیعه در آغاز هزاره سوم اثرگذار باشد. حضور چنین جمعیتی برای شرکت در یک مراسم فی نفسه بسیار مهم و یک رویداد بزرگ می‌تواند تلقی شود. این مقاله که به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی گردآوری گردیده، با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادی وکتابخانه‌ای و همچنین مشاهدات میدانی نگارندگان در چند دوره پیاده‌روی اربعین، در صدد است تا در قالب ادبیات علمی و تخصصی حوزه جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک، به این سوال پاسخ دهد که امروزه و در عصر جهانی شدن، پیاده‌روی اربعین چگونه توانسته است به ارتقای پرستیژ ژئوپلیتیکی تشیع کمک کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تشیع؛ اربعین؛ ژئوپلیتیک؛ پرستیژ ژئوپلیتیکی

مراجع

1. Ahmadi, Abas & Others .(2013). Iran's cultural and religious traditions abroad after the Islamic Revolution. Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography. Volume 5, Number 4 - Issue 20, Fall 2013. [In Persian].
2. Akbari, Peyman & Nazari, Mohammad .(2016). Shiite-Islamic Tourism A Strategy in the Development of Islamic Awakening among Muslim States. Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship Studies, Second Year, No. 1, Spring 2016. [In Persian].
3. Bad, Mahdieh (2019). Arbaeen Superhero, a manifestation of religious tourism. The Art and Civilization of the East, Seventh Year, No. 23. [In Persian].
4. Bad, Mahdieh (2019). Understanding Pilgrims' Living Experiences in Arbin 1395. Bagh Nazar Journal, Fifteenth Year, No. 68. [In Persian].
5. Bavir, Hassan & Others .(2019). An analysis of the geocultural relations of Iran and Pakistan with emphasis on Shiite religion. Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography. Volume 11, Number 2 - Consecutive Issue 42, Spring 2019. [In Persian].
6. Christia, Fotini. & others.(2016). To Karbala: Surveying Religious Shi’a from Iran and Iraq. Political Science Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
7. Dittmer, Jason & Nicholas Gray. 2010, Popular Geopolitics 2.0: Toward New Methodologies of the Everyday, Geography Compass, 8/ 11, pp 1668-1622
8. Emami, Seyyed Majid and Ghiasi, Hadi (2017). Civilizational Convergence through Pilgrimage; Emphasizing on Arbineh Pilgrimage. The Journal of Religion and Cultural Politics. Issue 9, Fall and Winter 2017. [In Persian].
9. Fayaz, Ibrahim & Rahmani, Jabar .(2006). The mourning and discourse of Karbala in the suburban suburbs. Quarterly Iranian Cultural and Communication Studies Association, No6. Fall. [In Persian].
10. Ghorbani, Ghdratallah .(2016). Ashura movement and our religious and political rationality. Quarterly Political Science University of Bagherol-ulum, No47, summer. [In Persian].
11. Heydari, Ibrahim .(2017). Sociology of Hosseini's mourning; Religious and socio-political dimensions of Hosseini's mourning ceremony in Iraq. Collections of Karbala Research Papers. Mashad: Behnashr Publications. [In Persian].
12. Heydarnia, Mohsen .(2016). How to turn the Karbala incident into the school of Ashura by Imam Hussein. Hosseini Educational Research, first year, No 3. Fall. [In Persian].
13. Homayun, MohamadHadi & Bod, Mahdieh .(2016). Explaining the dimensions of the spiritual journey of Arbaeen as a cloud event for religious tourism. mosque & Mahdavyat Quarterly, Year1, No2, Fall. [In Persian].
14. Jafarian, rasul .(2010). Reflections on the Ashura movement. Tehran:nashre Elm.[In Persian]
15. Jafarian, rasul .(2011). Shia Atlas. Tehran: Geographic Organization of the Armed Forces. [In Persian].
16. Jamali, Mostafa .(2016). The role of Arbaeen in the engineering of Islamic civilization. mosque & Mahdavyat Quarterly, Year1, No2, Fall. [In Persian].
17. Javadi Amoli, Abdullah (2016). The flourishing of reason in the light of the Hosseini movement. 13th Edition, Qom: Esrae Publishing Center. [In Persian].
18. Javadi Moghaddam, Mehdi (2012). The New Geopolitics of Shi'ism in the Middle East and Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Geopolitical Quarterly, Eighth Year, No. 2, Summer 2012. [In Persian].
19. Joneidi, Reza .(2018). General Geopolitics; An Introduction to Geopolitical Framing Practices. First edition, Tehran: Imam Hussein University of Publications. [In Persian].
20. Jones, Martin & Woods, Maikel .(2005). An Introduction to Political Geography. Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian].
21. Kahirdeh, Nasim & Bahar, Mehri .(2010). Analysis of Discourse Types Affecting the Content of Ashura Rites through Discourse Analysis of Related Issues Related to Ashura, Youth Research Double Digest, No5, Fall. [In Persian].
22. Karimi, Abolfazl .(2017). The role of Iran in the identification of the security-assisted security unit. Quarterly journal of nations, No20, Summer. [In Persian].
23. Kramer, Martin (2014),"Shia, Resistance and Revolution", Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2.
24. Mahkoui, Hojat (2012). Explaining the Role of Religion from a Geopolitical Perspective in the Middle East; A Case Study of Shiite Religion. Middle East Studies Quarterly, Nineteenth Year, No. 2, Summer 2012. [In Persian].
25. Mazaheri, Mohsen Hesam (2018). Proceedings of the Arbaine Sociological Meditation Walk. Isfahan: Arma Publishing. [In Persian].
26. Mazaheri, Mohsen Hesam. (2016). Encyclopedia of Shiite Bounty. Tehran: Kheimeh Publications. [In Persian].
27. Mirshahi, Sina .(2017). A reflection on the sources and historiography of Ashura in the first two centuries of Islam. Hosseini Educational Research, second year, No 7. Fall. [In Persian].
28. Mirzaei, Jamshid .(2015). Sociology of Cultural Diversity in Ashura Mourning in Recent Iran. Iranian People's Culture Quarterly, No 42&43, Fall&Winter. [In Persian].
29. ModaresBostanabadi, MohamadBagher .(2001). City of Hossain . Qom: Daralelm Publications. [In Persian].
30. Mohammadi Siret, Hussein (2016). My baseball in a battleship: battleships and infields. Journal of Mosque and Mahdism, Issue 2, Fall and Winter 2016. [In Persian].
31. Morgenta, Hans. (2000). Politics among nations. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Center. [In Persian].
32. Mortazavi, Zia (2003). Ashura Reflection on Shia Political Jurisprudence. The Islamic Government Quarterly, No. 27, Spring 2003. [In Persian].
33. Nami, Mohamadhassan .(2013). Shiite geopolitics with emphasis on the role of pilgrims in the shrine of Razavi (Mashhad). Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography. Volume 5, Number 3 - Issue 19, Summer 2013. [In Persian].
34. PisheFard, Jafar (2003). Pathology of Ashura Political Culture. The Islamic Government Quarterly, No. 27, Spring 2003. [In Persian].
35. Rahmani, Jabbar (2018). Post-Shiite Shi'ism and the End of the Shiite Geography Regrets Syndrome. Proceedings of the Arbaine Sociological Meditation Walk. By the efforts of Mohsen Hesam Mazaheri. Isfahan: Arma Publishing. [In Persian].
36. Razavi Zadeh, Neda (2018). I have been invited to the suffering pilgrimage. Proceedings of the Arbaine Sociological Meditation Walk. By the efforts of Mohsen Hesam Mazaheri. Isfahan: Arma Publishing. [In Persian].
37. Sarvar, Seyyed Amir Hossein, Hamze, Farhad and Hfeznia, Mohammadreza (2019). Interventional trans-regional behaviors in Iran and Azerbaijan Cultural Geopolitics, Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 11(3): 61-86 [In Persian].
38. Shekarchi, Ahmad (2018). Arbaeen hosts. Proceedings of the Arbaine Sociological Meditation Walk. By the efforts of Mohsen Hesam Mazaheri. Isfahan: Arma Publishing. [In Persian].
39. Solaimaniyah, Mehdi (2018). Arbaeen; Knowledge and ignorance from a social perspective. Proceedings of the Arbaine Sociological Meditation Walk. By the efforts of Mohsen Hesam Mazaheri. Isfahan: Arma Publishing. [In Persian].
40. Taher, Ala (2017). The growth of the political role of Islamic cities; Karbala is an example of these cities. Collection of Karbala Research Articles "Karbala Yesterday, Today". Translated by Ahmad Natanzi. First Edition, Mashhad: Astan Qods Razavi Islamic Research Foundation. [In Persian].
41. Taheri, Masoud, Heidari, Gholamreza, Ezzati, Ezzatollah (2018). Explanation of world power equations in geo-culture settings: competition or cooperation, Quarterly of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 10(4): 163-191. [In Persian].
42. Tarbin .(1950). Hossein's policy. Tehran: Ketabforushe Tehrani. [In Persian].
43. Timothy , Dallen J & Olsen , Daniel H.(2013). Tourism, religion and spiritual travel. Tehran: Jameehshenasan Publications. [In Persian].
44. Touel, Francois .(1997). Shiite geopolitics. Tehran: Khavaran  Publications. [In Persian].
45. Yousefi, Ali and Sediq Oroui, Gholamreza and Kohanal, Alireza and Makri Zadeh, Fahimeh (2012). Experimental Phenomenology of Imam Reza (AS) Pilgrimage. Iranian Journal of Social Studies, Volume 6, Issues 3 and 4, Fall and Winter 2012. [In Persian].
46. Zarghami, Barzin & Shoushtari, Mohammad Javad & Ansari Zadeh, Salman. (2014). Shiite geopolitics or the Shiite crescent (basics, goals and approaches). Journal of Human Geography Research. Volume 46, Number 1, Spring 2014. [In Persian].