نگاهی به مسیر حرفه‌ای رالف تایلر: روایتی تاریخی از عمری تلاش برای پیوند «نظریه» و «عمل» برنامة درسی

پژوهش در برنامه ریزی درسی

دوره 17، شماره 67، اسفند 1399، صفحه 1-20   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30486/jsre.2020.1893565.1576

نویسنده

سید احمد مدنی^*

استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران.

چکیده

این پژوهش روایتی تاریخی از مسیر زندگی حرفه‌ای و اندیشه‌های رالف وینفرد تایلر در حوزة مطالعاتی برنامة درسی است. تایلر در دورانی مسیر تحقیقاتی خویش را آغاز کرد که نقش‌آفرینی بسیاری از مربیان و معلمان در مدارس و کلاس‌های درس مبتنی بر باورهای عامیانه بود. او توانست اندیشه‌های فلسفی مربیانی چون هربارت و دیویی را به دغدغه‌های عملی متخصصانی نظیر ثورندایک، چارترز و بابیت ربط دهد و گسست میان نظریه و عمل برنامة درسی را کاهش دهد. این پژوهش تاریخی به روش استنادی و با تحلیل مجموعه‌ای از اطلاعات تاریخی مغفول، به واکاوی تجارب تحقیقاتی و زمینه‌های فکری تایلر پرداخته و برخی از باورهای او را که برای فهم عمیق‌تر الگوی موسوم به خطی-منطقی تایلر لازم‌اند تبیین کرده است. از جملة این باورها می‌توان به موارد زیر اشاره کرد: 1) آموزش انتزاعی عملیات ریاضی به اندازة آموزش جزءبه‌جزء آنها مؤثر است؛ 2) برای ایجاد انگیزش درونی در دانش‌آموزان باید محتوای درس را به فعالیت‌های روزانه زندگی پیوند داد؛ 3) اجرای صحیح روش‌ حل مسئلة دیویی و روش پروژة کیلپاتریک مستلزم این است که روش مناسبی برای ارزشیابی یادگیری دانش‌آموزان طراحی کرد؛ 4) در جامعة مردم‌سالار دشوارترین وظیفه تبدیل کردن دانش‌آموزان به شهروندان مسئولیت‌پذیر است؛ 5) ارزشیابی تکوینی، نه برای قضاوت دربارة یادگیری دانش‌آموز یا عملکرد معلم، بلکه برای قضاوت دربارة کارآمدی و اثربخشی برنامة درسی است؛ 6) فرایند برنامه‌ریزی درسی خطی نیست؛ و 7) هدف ارزشیابی، بهبود آموزش و هماهنگی اثربخش‌تر معلمان است. در این پژوهش تاریخی، همچنین رویکرد مشارکتی و واقع‌گرایانة تایلر و تلاش‌های وی برای کاهش شکاف میان نظریه و عمل برنامة درسی برجسته شده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

رالف تایلر؛ پیوند «نظریه» و «عمل» برنامة درسی؛ آموزش؛ مطالعة هشت‌ساله

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