بررسی اثر تنش خشکی بر برخی خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.)

فیزیولوژی محیطی گیاهی

مقاله 5، دوره 15، شماره 60، دی 1399، صفحه 61-78   

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

نویسندگان

سحر مومنی¹؛ لیلا فهمیده^{* 2}؛ عباسعلی امام جمعه¹؛ مهدی سلوکی¹؛ جواد ظهیری³

¹گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

²گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران؛ دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

³گروه بیوفیزیک، دانشکده علوم زیستی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران ،ایران

چکیده

تنش خشکی در اکثر مناطق جهان مهم­ترین عامل کاهش عملکرد گیاهان زراعی محسوب می­شود. به منظور بررسی اثر تنش خشکی بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک گیاه کنجد آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. در این آزمایش اثر سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی (سطح آبیاری 5، 10، 15 و 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) بر میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی شامل: کاتالاز، پلی فنل اکسیداز، آسکوربات پراکسیداز، پراکسیداز، برخی رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی (کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئیدها)، برخی تعدیل‌کننده‌های اسمزی شامل پرولین و همچنین برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی(تعداد برگ، طول ریشه، ارتفاع ساقه، ارتفاع بوته، طول برگ، عرض برگ، وزن خشک ریشه، وزن تر ریشه، وزن تر اندام هوایی، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، وزن تر بوته، وزن خشک بوته) بررسی شد. پس از کشت گیاه در گلدان، اعمال تنش خشکی (سطح آبیاری 5، 10، 15 و 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) در مرحله گیاهچه‌ای (چهار برگی) انجام گردید و سپس صفات مورد مطالعه اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج تجزیه­ آماری نشان داد که تنش خشکی اثر معنی­داری در سطح یک درصد بر کلیه صفات فیزیولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی داشت. با افزایش تنش خشکی (تا سطح  آبیاری 5 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) کاهش در صفات مورفولوژیکی و رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی نسبت به سطح شاهد بیشتر شد. با افزایش سطوح تنش خشکی افزایش طول ریشه در گیاه کنجد مشاهده شد، به طوری­که بیشترین طول ریشه مربوط به سطح آبیاری 5 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و کمترین طول ریشه مربوط به سطح کنترل (سطح آبیاری 25 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه) بود. بیشترین فعالیت آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی و پرولین در بیشترین تنش خشکی (سطح آبیاری 5 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) مشاهده گردید. لذا براساس نتایج حاصله پیشنهاد می­شود که میزان رشد گیاه در مراحل رشدی و نموی مختلف اندازه گیری و تأثیر تنش در هر دوره مشخص گردد تا تفسیر مناسبی از تأثیر تنش بر روی گیاه بدست آید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانی؛ تنظیم کننده های اسمزی؛ تنش غیر زیستی؛ رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی؛ کنجد

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