Relationship Among Dual-labor Market, Food Security, and General Health in Rural Areas

International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development

مقاله 4، دوره 11، شماره 2، شهریور 2021، صفحه 235-244   

نوع مقاله: Research Article

نویسندگان

Parvaneh Khosravi¹؛ Hossein Agahi²؛ Shahpar Geravandi^{* 3}

¹M.Sc. Graduate, Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

²Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

³Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension & Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده

This study aimed to determine whether dual-labor markets increase the income and consequently the food security of rural households and whether they improve the general health of the heads of these households. To achieve this goal, a descriptive cross-sectional survey with comparative designs was conducted to explore the relationship among the research variables. The statistical population was composed of the heads of rural households living in the rural district of Mahidasht in Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Overall, 283 household heads, who were chosen by the systematic sampling method, were interviewed. Food security and general health were measured using the 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM-18) and the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The validity of the research instrument was assessed and confirmed by an expert panel at Razi University and its reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed in the SPSS16 and AMOS software packages. The results show that dual-labor markets significantly increase the income of the household heads who work in secondary labor forces, and as a result, they enjoy a higher degree of food security in their households. However, a closer examination reveals that the income generated from the secondary labor market has a significant inverse correlation with the general health of these household heads, as they are more likely to suffer from severe depression, anxiety, insomnia, and social dysfunction (compared to the household heads who were not working in secondary labor forces). In the end, the paper provides several recommendations for local officials, planners, and policymakers.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Dual-labor market؛ food security؛ general health

مراجع

Alaimo, K., Olson, CM., Frongillo, EA., & Briefel, R. R.( 2001). Food insufficiency, family income, and health in US preschool and school-aged children. American Journal of Public Health., 91, 781–786.

Babatunde, R. O., & Qaim, M. (2010). Impact of off-farm income on food security and nutrition in Nigeria. Food Policy, 35(4), 303–311.

Boeters, S., & Savard, L. (2013). The labor market in computable general equilibrium models. Handbook of Computable General equilibrium Modeling, 1, 1645-1718.

Collins, L. (2009). The impact of food insecurity on women's mental health: How it negatively affects children's health and development. Journal of the Association for Research on Mothering., 11(1), 251-262.

Dastgiri, S., Mahboob, S., Tutunchi, H., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2006). Determinants of food insecurity: a cross- sectional study in Tabriz. Research and Science of Journal Ardabil University Medical Sciences and Health Services., 6(3), 233-239.

Diagne, R. (2013). Food security and agricultural liberalization (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University Nice Sophia Antipolis, France.

Frongillo, E. A., Chowdhury, N., Ekstro¨m, E. C., & Naved, R. T. (2003). Understanding the experience of household food insecurity in rural Bangladesh leads to a measure different from that used in other countries. The Journal of Nutrition. 133(12), 4158-4162.

Ghadiri Masoum, M., Cheraghi, M., & Rezvani, M. R. (2016). The effects of economic rural-urban relations on food security of rural households. Case study: Zanjan County. Economy. 4(14), 58-69.

Hadley, C., Zodhiates, A., & Sellen, D. W. (2007). Acculturation, economics and food insecurity among refugees resettled in the USA: a case study of West African refugees. Public Health Nutrition. 10(4), 405-412.

Isanaka, S., Mora-Plazas, M., Lopez-Arana, S., Baylin, A., & Villamor, E. (2007). Food insecurity is highly prevalent and predicts underweight but not overweight in adults and school children from Bogota, Colombia. The Journal of Nutrition. 137(12), 2747-2755.

Ishtiaque, A., & Mahmud, M. S. (2011). Migration objectives and their fulfillment: A micro study of the rural-urban migrants of the slums of Dhaka city, GEOGRAFIA Online^TM Malaysia Journal of Society and Space., 7( 4), 24-29.

Jiobu, R. M. (1988). Ethnicity and Assimilation: Blacks, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, Mexicans, Vietnamese, and Whites. Published by state university of New York Press, Albany.,269Pp. Country?

Karam soltani, Z., Dorosty motlagh, A. R., Eshraghian, M. R., Siassi, F., & Jazayeri, G. H. (2007). Obesity and food security in Yazd primary school students. Tehran University Medical Journal., 65(7); 68-76.

Korpi, M., & Clark, W. A. W. (2017). Human Capital Theory and Internal Migration: Do Average Outcomes Distort Our View of Migrant Motives? Migration Letters, 14(2), 237–250.

Kursmark, M., & Weitzman, M. (2009). Recent findings concerning childhood food insecurity. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 12(3),310-316.

Mansourian, H., Rezvani, M. R., & Saadi, S. (2018). Spatial analysis of rural floating population employed in urban area. Journal of Rural Research, 8(4), 621-634.

Mckenzie, K., Murray, A. L. & Booth, T. (2013). Do urban environments increase the risk of anxiety, depression and psychosis? An epidemiological study. Journal of Affective Disorders., 150(3), 1019-1024.

Mengistu, E., Regassa, N., & Yusufe, A. (2009). The levels, determinants and coping mechanisms of food insecure households in southern Ethiopia. A Case study of Sidama, Wolaita and Guraghe Zones. The Drylands Coordination Group. Report No. 55.

Oliveira de, L. D. S. (2010). MoriasWatanabe de EA. Olivera Lima-Filho de D and Sproesser RL. Public policies for food security in countries with different development levels. International Public Management Review, 11(3), 122-141.

Omotesho, O. A., Adewumi, M. O., & Fadimula, K. S. (2010). Food security and poverty of the rural households in Kwara State, Nigeria. Libyan Agriculture Research Center Journal International,1(1), 56-59.

Pakravan, M. R., Hosseini, S. S., Salami, H., & Yazdani, S. (2015). Identifying effective factors on food security of Iranian’s rural and urban household. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 46(3), 395-408

Qin, H. (2010). Rural-to-urban labor migration, household livelihoods, and the rural environment in Chongqing Municipality, Southwest China. Human Ecology Interdisciplinary Journal,38(5), 675–690.

Ramezani Ahmadi, A., Heshmat, R., Vedadhir, A. A., Sobhani, S. R., Ahmadi, S., & Pouraram, H. (2017). Food insecurity is related to women's mental and physical health in Babolsar, Iran. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research,4(3),3-10.

Reardon, T., Berdegue, J., & Escobar, G. (2001). Rural non-farm employment and incomes in Latin America: overview of issues, patterns and determinants. World Development,29(3), 395-409.

Reich, M., Gordon, D. M., & Edwards, R. C. (1973).Dual Labor Markets: A Theory of labor market segmentation. Economics Department Faculty Publications, 63(2), 359-365.

Rose, D., Gundersen, C., & Oliveira, V. (1998). Socio-economic determinants of food insecurity in the United States. Technical Bulletins.United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; (156812).

Ruben,  R., & Van Den Berg,  M.  (2001). Nonfarm employment and poverty alleviation of rural farm households in Honduras, World Development, 29(3), 547-560.

Sharafkhani, R., Dastgiri, S., Gharaaghaji, R., Ghavamzadeh, S., & Didarloo, A. (2011). The role of household structure on the prevalence of food insecurity: a cross sectional study in North West of Iran. European Journal of General Medicine,  7 (1), 27-31.

Siefert, K., Heflin, C. M., Corcoran, M. E., & Williams, D. R. (2004). Food insufficiency and physical and mental health in a longitudinal survey of welfare recipients. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(2),171-86.

Silfelani, T. (2009). Impact of Migration on Food Security in Chiredzi, Zimbabwe.

Taghavi, S. (2008). The Normalization of General Health Questionnaire for Shiraz University Students (GHQ-28). Clinical Psychology and Personality, 1 (28), 1-12

Taherkhani,  M. (2000). An analysis of the determinants of rural-to-urban migration (new directions and issues). Geographical Researches Journal, 3(62), 68-93.

Wachter, M. (1974). Primary and secondary labor markets: A critique of the dual approach. Brooking Papers on Economics Activity, 3, 637-693.

Weiser, S. D., Tsai, A. C., Gupta R, Frongillo EA, Kawuma A, Senkungu J, et al. (2012). Food insecurity is associated with morbidity and patterns of healthcare utilization among HIV-infected individuals in a resource-poor setting. AIDS (London, England), 26(1),67-75.

Whitaker, R. C., Phillips, S. M., & Orzol, SM. (2006). Food insecurity and the risks of depression and anxiety in mothers and behavior problems in their preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 118(3), e859–e868.

Wouterse, F., & Taylor, J. E. (2008). Migration and Income Diversification: Evidence from Burkina Faso, World Development, 36(4), 625-640.

Yilma, M. (2005). Measuring rural household food security status and its determinants in the Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia: the case of Assosa Woreda. An M. Sc. Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemaya University, Alemaya.

Zakari, S., Ying, L., & Song, B. (2014). Factors influencing household food security in West Africa: The case of Southern Niger.  Sustainability, 6, 1191-1202.

Zaslow, M., Bronte-Tinkew, J., Capps, R., Horowitz, A., Moore, K. A., & Weinstein, D. (2009). Food security during infancy: Implications for attachment and mental proficiency in Toddlerhood. Matern Child Health Journal, 13(1), 66–80.

Zereyesus, Y. A., Embaye, W. T., Tsiboe, F., & Amanor-Boadu, V. (2016). Implications of non-farm work to vulnerability to food poverty-recent evidence from Northern Ghana. World Development, 91, 113-124.