Delamination Detection in a Laminated Carbon Composite Plate Using Lamb Wave by Lead-Free Piezoceramic Transducers

Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing

دوره 9، شماره 3، آبان 2021، صفحه 3-14   

نوع مقاله: Research Paper

نویسندگان

Mohamad Hossein ataei¹؛ Seyed Ali Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi^{* 2}؛ Mahdi Rafiei²؛ Ahmad Monshi³

¹Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

²Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.

³Department of material engineering, najaf abad branch, islamic azad university, isfahan, iran

چکیده

The present study develops a semi-instantaneous baseline damage identification approach to identify the delamination damage. An active sensing network with (Ba_0.95Ca_0.05)(Ti_0.91Sn_0.09)O₃ (BCTS) lead-free piezoelectric transducers that were mounted on the two undamaged and damaged (with the delamination) plates. The wavelet transform was used for extracting the energy ratio change which is an effective and robust characteristic from the collected time-domain signals. The “identicality coefficient” (IC) was obtained for each sensing path under pristine structural conditions and used to eliminate any inequalities in the signals of each path. The output wave signals of samples were investigated by experiment and the finite element method. The values of the index produced by damages were significant against the threshold value set. The errors were less than 4%, which may be related to the linear relationship considered for the DI and delamination damage. A comparative of sensing paths showed a significant difference between both healthy and damaged samples. The delaminated damage was detected because the delamination phenomenon increased the amplitude of the wave and the wave energy. The comparison of the “damage index” (DI) values of six sensing paths showed that the path with delamination damage had the highest DI value i.e., 0.92 and then the sensing paths closest to the damage showed the highest DI values (DI=0.67). The path with a distance farther from the damage shows DI=0.09. The other DI values of other sensing paths were close to zero (DI=0) due to no damage.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Lead-free Piezoceramic؛ Laminated carbon composite؛ Delamination detection؛ Lamb wave

مراجع

[1] D. Alleyne, P. Cawley, “A two-dimensional Fourier transform method for the measurement of propagating multi mode signals”, Acoust. Soc. Am. J., Vol. 89, 1991, pp. 1159-1168.

[2] Clarke TF. Simonetti, P. Cawley, “Guided wave health monitoring of complex structures by sparse array systems: Influence of temperature changes on performance”, Sound Vib. J., Vol. 329, 2010, pp. 2306-2322.

[3] ] K. Diamanti, J. Hodgkinson, C. Soutis, “Detection of Low-velocity Impact Damage in Composite Plates using Lamb Waves”, Struct. Health Monit. J., Vol. 3, 2004, pp. 33-41.

[4] V. Giurgiutiu, “Tuned Lamb Wave Excitation and Detection with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring”, Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. J., Vol. 16, 2005, pp. 291-305.

[5] H. W. Park, H. Sohn, “Time reversal active sensing for health monitoring of a composite plate”, Sound Vib. J., Vol. 302, 2007, pp. 50-66.

 [6] A. Raghavan, C. E. Cesnik, “Review of Guided-Wave Structural Health Monitoring”, Shock Vibr. J., Vol. 39, 2007, pp. 91-114.

[7] P. Rizzo, E. Sorrivi, F. Lanza di Scalea, E. Viola, “Wavelet-based outlier analysis for guided wave structural monitoring: Application to multi-wire strands”, Sound Vib. J., Vol. 307, 2007, pp. 52-68.

[8] Z. Su, X. Wang, Z. Chen, L. Ye, D. Wang, “A built-in active sensor network for health monitoring of composite structures”, Smart Mater. Struct. J., Vol. 15, 2006, pp. 1939-1947.

[9] G. Yan, “A Bayesian approach for damage localization in plate-like structures using Lamb waves”, Smart Mater. Struct. J., Vol. 22, 2013, pp. 12-35.

[10] H. Sohn, H. W. Park, K. H. Law, C. R. Farrar, “Combination of a Time Reversal Process and a Consecutiv Outlier Analysis for Baseline-free Damage Diagnosis”, Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. J., Vol. 18, 2007, pp. 335-346.

[11] ] D. W. Greve, J. J. Neumann, J. H. Nieuwenhuis, I. J. Oppenheim, N. L. Tyson, “Use of Lamb waves to monitor plates: experiments and simulations”, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 5765, Smart Struct. and Mater. , Sensors and Smart Struct., Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, Vol. 3, 2005, pp. 117-129.

[12] M. Lowe, O. Diligent, “Low-frequency reflection characteristics of the S₀ Lamb wave from a rectangular notch in a plate”, Acoust. Soc. Am. J., Vol. 111, 2002, pp. 64-76.

[13] J. Rajagopalan, K. Balasubramaniam, C. Krishnamurthy, “A single transmitter multi receiver (STMR) PZT array for guided ultrasonic wave based structural health monitoring of large isotropic plate structures”,  Smart Mater. Struct. J., Vol. 15, 2006, pp. 1190-1198.

[14] P. Malinowski, T. Wandowski, I. Trendafilova, W. Ostachowicz, “Optimization of sensor placement for structural health monitoring: a review”, Struct. Health Monitor. J., Vol. 18, 2019, pp. 963-988.

[15] B. Alem, A. Abedian, K. Nasrollahi‐Nasab, “Reference-Free Damage Identification in Plate-Like Structures Using Lamb-Wave Propagation with Embedded Piezoelectric Sensors”, Aerosp. Eng. J., Vol. 29, 2016, pp. 04016062-1 - 04016062-13.

[16] C. Q. Gómez Muñoz, F. P. García Marquez, B. H. Crespo, K. Makaya, “Structural health monitoring for delamination detection and location in wind turbine blades employing guided waves”, Wind Energy J. , Vol. 22, 2019, pp. 698-711.

[17] M. Gresil V. Giurgiutiu, “Guided wave propagation in carbon composite laminate using piezoelectric wafer active sensors”, Smart Mater. Struct. J., Vol. 16, 2013, pp. 75-88.

[18] C. M. Yeum, H. Sohn, J. B. Ihn, H. J. Lim, “Instantaneous delamination detection in a composite plate using a dual piezoelectric transducer network”, Compos. Struct. J., Vol. 94, 2012, pp. 3490-3499.

[19] V. Giurgiutiu and G. Santoni-Bottai, “Structural health monitoring of composite structures with piezoelectric wafer active sensors”, AIAA J., Vol.49, 2011, pp. 565-581.

[20] H. W. Park, H. Sohn, K. H. Law, C. R. Farrar, “Time reversal active sensing for health monitoring of a composite plate”, Sound Vib. J., Vol. 302, 2007, pp. 50-66.

 [21] H. Sohn, H. W. Park, K. H. Law, C. R. Farrar, “Damage detection in composite plates by using an enhanced time-reversal method”, Aerosp. Eng. J., Vol. 20, 2007, pp. 141-154.

[22] K. Kyoung-Tak, C. Heoung-Jae, S. Joo-Hyun, L. Jin-Ah, B. Joon-Hyung, U. Moon-Kwang, L. Sang-Kwan, J. Ju-Woong, “Quantitative Accessibility of Delamination in Composite Using Lamb Wave by Experiments and FEA”, Adv. Compos. Mater. J., Vol. 20, 2011, pp. 361-373.

[23] CT Ng, H. Mohseni, HF Lam, “Debonding detection in CFRP-retrofitted reinforced concrete structures using nonlinear Rayleigh wave”, Mech. Syst. Sig. Proc. J., pp. 245-256.

[24] H. Sohn, “Effects of environmental and operational variability on structural healthmonitoring” , Philosophical Trans. R. Soc. A: Proc. Math., Phys. Eng. Sci. J., Vol. 365, 2007, pp. 539-560.

[25] A. Marzani, S. Salamone, “Numerical prediction and experimental verification of temperature effect on plate waves generated and received by piezoceramic sensors”, Mech. Syst. Sig. Proc. J., Vol. 30, 2012, pp. 204-217.

 [26] S. Roy, K. Lonkar, V. Janapati, F. K. Chang, “A novel physics-based temperature compensation model for structural health monitoring using ultrasonic guided waves”, Struct. Health Monitor. J., Vol. 13, 2014, pp. 321-342.

[27] G. B. Santoni, L. Yu, B. Xu, V. Giurgiutiu, “Lamb Wave-Mode Tuning of Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring”, Vib. Acoust. Trans. ASME J., Vol. 129, 2007, pp. 752-762.

[28] S. B. Kim, H. Sohn, “Instantaneous reference-free crack detection based on polarization characteristics of piezoelectric materials”, Smart Mater. Struct. J., Vol. 16, 2007, pp. 2375-2384.

[29] B. Alem, A. Abedian, “A semi-baseline damage identification approach for complex structures using energy ratio correction technique”, Struct. Cont. Health Monitor. J., Vol. 25, 2018.

[30] M.H. Ataei, S.A Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi, M.Rafiei, A. Monshi, “Design development of (Ba_1-xCa_x)(Ti_1-ySn_y)O₃ lead-free piezo ceramic by two manufacturing methods of CSS and SPS, promising for delamination damage detection”, Alloys Compd. J., Vol. 795, 2019, pp. 197-206.

[31] H. Cho, C. J. Lissenden, “Structural health monitoring of fatigue crack growth in plate structures with ultrasonic guided waves”, Struct. Health Monitor. J., Vol. 11, 2012, pp. 393-404.

[32] A. Bagheri, K. Li, P. Rizzo, “Reference-free damage detection by means of wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition applied to Lamb waves”, Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. J., Vol. 24, 2013, pp. 194-208.

[33] F. Moser, L. J. Jacobs, “Modeling elastic wave propagation in waveguides with the finite element method”, NDT Int. J., Vol. 32, 1999, pp. 225-234.

[34] I. Bartoli, F. L. di Scalea, M. Fateh, E. Viola, “Modeling guided wave propagation with application to the long-range defect detection in railroad tracks”, NDT Int. J., Vol. 38, 2005, pp. 325-334.

[35] L. De Marchi, A. Marzani, N. Speciale, E. Viola, “A dispersion compensation procedure to extend pulse-echo defects location to irregular waveguides”, NDT Int. J., Vol. 54, 2013, pp. 115-122.

 [36] M. Sale, P. Rizzo, A. Marzani, “Semi-analytical formulation for the guided waves-based reconstruction of elastic moduli”, Mech. Syst. Sign. Process J.,  Vol. 25, 2011, pp. 2241-2256.

[37] H. W. Park, S. B. Kim, H. Sohn, “Understanding a time-reversal process in Lamb wave propagation”, Wave Motion J., Vol. 46, 2009, pp. 451-467.

[38] S. R. Anton, D. J. Inman, G. Park, “Reference-free damage detection using instantaneous baseline measurements”, AIAA J., Vol. 47, 2009, pp. 1952-1964.

[39] H. Sohn, G. Park, J. R. Wait, N. P. Limback, C. R. Farrar, “Wavelet-based active sensing for delamination detection in composite structures”, Smart Mater. Struct. J., Vol. 13, 2004, pp. 153-164.

[40] S. A. Atashipour, H. R. Mirdamadi, M. H. Hemasian-Etefagh, “An effective damage identification approach in thick steel beams based on guided ultrasonic waves for structural health monitoring applications”, Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. J., Vol. 24, 2013, pp. 584-597.

[41] X. Zhao, H. Gao, G. Zhang, B. Ayhan, F. Yan, C. Kwan, J. L. Rose, “Active health monitoring of an aircraft wing with embedded piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: I. Defect detection, localization and growth monitoring”,  Smart Mater. Struct. J., Vol. 16, 2007, pp. 1208-1219.