Investigating Iran's position in indicators of sustainable development in relation to rights Habitat and biodiversity conservation

Anthropogenic Pollution

دوره 6، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 10، مرداد 2022، صفحه 84-91   

نوع مقاله: ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/ap.2022.1946564.1124

نویسندگان

Mehdi Behravesh¹؛ Abbas Poorhashemi^{* 2}؛ Mostafa Panahi³؛ Mohammad Reza Parvin⁴

¹Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

²President of the Canadian Institute for international law expertise (CIFILE), Totonto, Canada

³Associated professor of Department of Environmental Economics, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

⁴Assistant Professor of IP, Departement of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

چکیده

One of the most important goals of sustainable development, which is a requirement for all countries, is the protection of habitats and biodiversity. The purpose of this study is to investigate and determine the position of Iran in achieving the goals related to the protection of aquatic and terrestrial habitats and the realization of sustainable development indicators (SDG17). For this purpose, in this article, by comprehensively reviewing all valid international reports and documents, the rank and score of Iran has been determined and compared worldwide. The results showed that Iran has a score of 70.01 in achieving the goals of sustainable development, which is 74th among 165 countries in the world. Overall, based on the research findings, it can be said that Iran's ranking in achieving goal number 14 is slightly better than goal number 15. In other words, Iran has performed better in the field of marine biodiversity protection than inland biodiversity protection. The situation of Iran in the field of SDG14; Significant challenges remain and score moderately improving, insufficient to attain goal. The situation of Iran in the field of SDG15; Major challenges remain and score decreasing.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Sustainable development؛ indicators؛ habitat؛ biodiversity؛ environmental rights

مراجع

1. Allen, Cameron; Metternicht, Graciela; Wiedmann, Thomas; Pedercini, Matteo (2019). Greater gains for Australia by tackling all SDGs but the last steps will be the most challenging. Nature Sustainability. 2 (11): 1041–1050.
2. Bank, European Investment (2020). The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025. European Investment Bank.
3. Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara (2018). Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation. NPJ Clean Water. 1 (1): 3.
4. BMGF (2020). Covid-19 A Global Perspective - 2020 Goalkeepers Report Archived 18 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
5. Burgess, Cameron (2018). From Billions to Trillions: Mobilising the Missing Trillions to Solve the Sustainable Development Goals. sphaera.world. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
6. Carrington, D. (2021). Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
7. Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P.R., Raven, P.H. (2020). Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (24).
8. Fataei E, Monavari SM, Hasani AH, Karbasi AR, Mirbagheri SA, (2010) Heavy metal and agricultural toxics monitoring in Garasou River in Iran for water quality assessment, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 22(4):2991-2999
9. Firzli, Nicolas (2020). G7 Pensions Roundtable: Les ODD ('SDGs') Désormais Incontournables. Cahiers du Centre des Professions Financières. CPF.
10. Giam, Xingli., Bradshaw, Corey J.A., Tan, Hugh T.W., Sodhi, Navjot S. (2010). Future habitat loss and the conservation of plant biodiversity. Biological Conservation. 143 (7): 1594–1602. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.019
11. Ghesemi Aghbash F, Fataei E, (2006) The Study Of The Effect Of Forest Management On Biodiversity Of Woody Species In Fandoghloo Forest., Pajouhesh-Va-Sazandegi (In Persian), 19(271):11-18.
12. Hutton, Guy (2017). The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (PDF). Documents/World Bank.
13. (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
14. Jafarzadeh N, Fataei E, Vatandoust S, Hatami GR, Shariat M, (2015) Bioassessment and quality classification of Balekhloo River base on Biological index (fish fauna), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16 (1), 516-527.
15. Kulonen, Aino; Adler, Carolina; Bracher, Christoph; Dach, Susanne Wymann von (2019). Spatial context matters in monitoring and reporting on Sustainable Development Goals: Reflections based on research in mountain regions. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society. 28 (2): 90–94.
16. Mora, Camilo., Tittensor, Derek P., Adl, Sina., Simpson, Alastair G.B., Worm, Boris., Mace, Georgina M. (2011). How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?. PLOS Biology. 9 (8): e1001127.
17. Reyers, Belinda; Selig, Elizabeth R. (2020). Global targets that reveal the social–ecological interdependencies of sustainable development. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (8): 1011–1019.
18. Ritchie, Roser., Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. (2018). Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 1) SDG-Tracker.org, website
19. SDG Indicator changes (2018). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
20. Seyyedsharifi SA, Fataei E, Nadery G, Vatandoost S. (2014) Biological monitoring of Gharasou River by using macro benthic community structure. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4: 1682–1690. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2014/6699.
21. United Nations (2017). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313 Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine)
22. Walters, Michele; Scholes, Robert J. (2017). The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks. Springer Nature. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-27288-7. hdl:20.500.12657/28080. ISBN 978-3-319-27288-7
23. Watts, Jonathan (6 May 2019). "Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
24. Winfried, Huck; Iovane, Massimo; Palombino, Fulvio; Amoroso, Daniele; Zarra, Giovanni (2021). Measuring Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Indicators: Is Legitimacy Lacking?, The Protection of General Interests in Contemporary International Law: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry. Oxford University Press.