Effect of Zinc on the Growth of Two Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Rootstocks under Drought Stress

Journal of Nuts

دوره 13، شماره 3، آذر 2022، صفحه 167-181   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jon.2022.1942039.1134

نویسندگان

Alireza Kermani¹؛ Azam Jafari^{* 1}؛ Soheil Karimi²؛ Mostafa Shirmardi¹

¹Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran

²Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

چکیده

In this research, the effect of two irrigation treatments (90 and 40% of available water) and four different levels of zinc (control, 5, 10, and 20 mg kg^-1 soil) was investigated on pistachio rootstock seedlings including ‘Akbari’ and ‘Badami’ in a completely randomized design with four replications during 90 days. At the end of the experiment, plant growth characteristics including shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation in root, stem, and leaf were evaluated. Additionally, the relative water content, membrane stability index, photosynthetic pigment concentrations, and content of organic osmolytes were appraised as well. The results showed that drought stress reduced plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, and biomass of plants, and increased root dry weight. The zinc application increased plant growth under irrigation treatments. In addition, under drought stress, the application of 5 mg kg^-1 zinc increased the membrane stability by16.76%, maintained chlorophyll a by 20.69%, b by 31.96%, and total chlorophyll of the leaf by 27.74%. However, the application of 20 mg kg^-1 Zn in soil caused toxicity and exacerbated the effects of drought stress which led to the accumulation of proline and soluble carbohydrates in the pistachio rootstocks with more proline in ‘Akbari’ than ‘Badami’ rootstock, while Zinc could reduce the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates and proline. In general, ‘Badami’ was introduced as a tolerant rootstock for use underwater stress, as well as using 5 mg kg^-1 Zn to improve the growth and efficiency of both rootstocks under drought stress or without stress. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

‘Akbari’؛ ‘Badami’؛ Pistacia vera L؛ Proline؛ Soluble carbohydrates

مراجع

Ahmadvand G, Soleimani F, Saadatian B, Pouya M (2012) Effects of seed priming on germination and emergence traits of two soybean cultivars under salinity stress. Basic and Applied Scientific Research. 3, 234-241.

Arnon L (1972) Crop production in dry regions. In: Systematic Treatment of the Principal Crops, vol. 2. Barnes and Nobb, New York. pp. 1-72.

Bagheri V, Shamshiri MH, Shirani H, Roosta HR (2012) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza and drought stress on growth, water relations, proline accumulation and soluble sugars in two rootstock pistachio cultivars. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 42(4), 365-377.

Barrs HD, Weatherley PE (1962) A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences.24, 519-570.

Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39, 205-207.

Bates BC, Kundzewicz ZW Wu, S Palutikof JP (2008) ‘Climate Change and Water’. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC Secretariat.

Behboudian M, Walker R, Torokfalvy E (1986) Effects of water stress and salinity on photosynthesis of pistachio. Scientia Horticulturae. 29, 251-261.

Behzadi Rad P, Roozban MR, Karimi S, Ghahremani R, Vahdati K (2021) Osmolyte accumulation and sodium compartmentation has a key role in salinity tolerance of pistachios rootstocks. Agriculture. 11(8), 708.

Chartzoulakis K, Bosabalidis A, Patakas A, Vemmos S (2000) Effects of water stress on water relations, gas exchange and leaf structure of olive tree, Acta Horticulturae. 537, 241–247

Dagdelen N, Yılmaz E, Sezgin F, Gurbuz T (2006) Water-yield relation and water use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and second crop corn (Zea mays L.) in western Turkey. Agriculture Water Managemant. 82, 63-85.

Eslami M, Nasibi F, Manouchehri Kalantari K, Khezri M, Oloumi H (2019) Effect of exogenous application of l-arginine and sodium nitroprusside on fruit abscission and physiological disorders of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Scions. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6(1), 51-62.

Farooq M, Aziz T, Basra SMA, Wahid A, Khaliq A, Cheema MA (2008) Exploring the role of calcium to improve chilling tolerance in hybrid maize. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 194(5), 350-359.

Ghanepour S, Shakiba MR, Toorchi M, Oustan S (2015) Role of Zn nutrition in membrane stability, leaf hydration status, and growth of common bean grown under soil moisture stress. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. 6, 9–20.

Goldhamer David A (2005) "Tree water requirements and regulated deficit irrigation." Pistachio Production Manual. 4ª Ed. Ferguson L. University of California, Davis. 4ª Ed.

Hokmabadi H (2018). Pistachio wastes in Iran and the potential to recapture them in value chain. Pistachio and Health Journal. 1(4), 1-12.

Hong W, Jin JY (2007) Effects of zinc deficiency and drought on plant growth and metabolism of reactive oxygen species in maize Zea mays L. Agricultural Sciences in China. 6(8), 988-995.

Hosseini SM, Maftoun M, Karimian N, Ronaghi A, Emam Y (2007) Effect of zinc× boron interaction on plant growth and tissue nutrient concentration of corn. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 30(5), 773-781.

Hosseini N, Rezanejad F, Zamanin Bahramabadi E (2022) Effects of soil texture, irrigation intervals, and cultivar on some nut qualities and different types of fruit blankness in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(1), 41-53.

Hosseinifarahi M, Moazen HA, Amiri A, Jowkar MM, Mottaghipisheh J (2022) Evaluation of seed priming and culture media to improve the germination performance and quality of sweet pepper and eggplant seedlings. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(4), 415-428.

Hsiao T (1973) Plant responses to water stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology. 24, 519-570.

Ibrahim SA, Desoky E, Elrys AS (2017) Influencing of water stress and micronutrients on physio-chemical attributes, yield and anatomical features of Common Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Egyptian Journal of Agronomy. 39, 251–265.

Karim M, Zhang YQ, Zhao RR, Chen XP, Zhang FS, Zou CQ (2012) Alleviation of drought stress in winter wheat by late foliar application of zinc, boron, and manganese. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 175, 142–151.

Karimi S, Tavallali V (2017) Interactive effects of soil salinity and boron on growth, mineral composition and CO₂ assimilation of pistachio seedlings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 39(11), 242-450.

Keshavarz K, Vahdati K, Samar M, Azadegan B, Brown P (2011) Foliar application of zinc and boron improves walnut vegetative and reproductive growth. HortTechnology 21(2), 181-186.

Khoyerdi FF, Shamshiri MH, Estaji A (2016) Changes in some physiological and osmotic parameters of several pistachio genotypes under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae. 198, 44-51.

Kochert G (1978) Carbohydrate determination by the phenol sulfuric acid method. In: Helebust, JA, Craigie JS(Ed): Hand book of physiological methods. Cambridge Press, Cambridge. pp. 96-97.

Levitt J (1980) Response of Plants to Environmental Stresses. Water, radiation, salt and other stresses. Academic Press. New York. Vol. 2. 289. pp. 32-44.

Liu XZ, Huang BR (2000) Heat stress injury in relation to membrane lipid peroxidation in creeping bent grass. Crop Science. 40, 503–510.

Lotfi N, Soleimani A, Vahdati K, Çakmakçı R. (2019) Comprehensive biochemical insights into the seed germination of walnut under drought stress. Scientia Horticulturae 250, 329-43.

Lotfi N, Vahdati K, Kholdebarin B and Amiri R (2010) Drought-induced accumulation of sugars and proline in radicle and plumule of tolerant walnut varieties during germination phase. Acta Horticulturae. 861, 289-296.

Maliha MBJ, Nuruzzaman M, Hossain B, Trina FA, Uddin N, Sarkar S (2022) Assessment of varietal attributes of okra under foliar application of zinc and boron. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(2), 143-149.

Marschner H (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Plants, Ed 2. Academic Press, Boston.

Marschner H, Marschner P (2012) Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants (Vol. 89). Academic press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-384905-2.00015-7

Möttönen M, Aphalo PJ, Lehto T (2001) Role of boron in drought resistance in Norway spruce Picea abies) seedlings. Tree Physiology. 21(10), 673-681.

Manivannan P, Abdul Jaleel C, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Somasundaram R, Lakshmanan GMA, Panneerselvam R (2007) Growth, biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Helianthus annuus L. as induced by drought stress. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 59, 141–149.

Mirzaei J, Karamshahi A (2015) Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of Pistacia atlantica seedlings. Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology. 22(1), 31-43.

Mohit Rabary P, Movahedi Z, Ghabooli M and Rostami M (2022) Effects of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on traits of several medicinal plants under aeroponic system conditions. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(4), 445-452.

Mostajeran A, Rahimi-Eichi V (2009) Effects of drought stress on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars and accumulation of proline and soluble sugars in sheath and blades of their different aged leaves. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental. 5(2), 264-272.

Norozi M, ValizadehKaji B, Karimi R, Nikoogoftar Sedghi M 2019. Effects of foliar application of potassium and zinc on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit yield. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6(1), 113-123.

Patakas A, Nikolaou N, Zioziou E,  Radoglou K, Noitsakis B (2002) The role of organic solute and ion accumulation in osmotic adjustment in drought-stressed grapevines. Plant Science. 163, 361–367

Pinheiro ARO, Freitas SFT, Corso ACT (2004) Uma abordagem epidemiológica da obesidade. Annual Review of Nutrition. 17(4), 523-33.

Raoufi A, Rahemi M, Salehi H, Javanshah A (2020) Selecting high performance rootstocks for pistachio cultivars under salinity stress based on their morpho-physiological characteristics. International Journal of Fruit Science. 20(2), 529-547,

Rout GR, Das P (2009) Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc. In Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 873-884.

Rucker KS, Kvien CK, Holbrook CC, Hook JE (1995) Identification of peanut genotypes with improved drought avoidance traits. Peanut Science. 24, 14 -18.

Sagardoy R, Morales F, Lopez-Millan AF, Abadia A, Abadia J (2009) Effects of zinc toxicity on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in hydroponics. Plant Biology. 11(3), 339-350.

Sairam RK, Rao KV, Srivastava GC (2002) Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Science. 163, 1037-1046.

Sairam RK, Tyagi A (2004) Physiology and molecular biology of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Current Science. 86, 407- 421.

Salisbury FB, Ross CW (1992) Plant Physiology. 4th edition, Wadsworth Publ. Co., Belmont, California, U.S.A. 682 p.

Saravanan VS, Madhaiyan M, Thangaraju M (2007) Solubilization of zinc compounds by the diazotrophic, plant growth promoting bacterium (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus). Chemosphere. 66(9), 1794-1798.

Sharifkhah M, Bakhshi D, Pourghayoumi M, Abdi S, Hokmabadi H (2020) Effect of pollination time on yield and antioxidant properties of some pistachio cultivars. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7(1), 51-58.

Sreenivasulu N, Grimm B, Wobus U, Weshke W (2000) Differential response of antioxidant compounds to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Physiolgia Plantarum. 109, 435–442.

Syversten JP (1985) Integration of water stress in fruit trees. Hort Science. 20, 1039-1043.

Tavallali V, Rahemi M, Eshghi S, Kholdebarin B, Ramezanian A (2010) Zinc alleviates salt stress and increase antioxidant enzyme activity in the leaves of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. ‘Badami’) seedlings. Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry. 34, 349–359.

Tavallali V, Rahemi M, Maftoun M, Panahi B, Karimi S, Ramezanian A, Vaezpour M (2009) Zinc influence and salt stress on photosynthesis, water relations, and carbonic anhydrase activity in pistachio. Scientia Horticulturae. 123(2), 272-279.

Toupchizadeh Tabrizian S, Hajilou J, Bolandnazar S, Dehghan G (2022) Silicon improves strawberry ability to cope with water deficit stress. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(2), 213-226.

Verslues PE, Agarwal M, Katiyar-Agarwal S, Zhu JH, Zhu JK (2006) Methods and concepts in quantifying resistance to drought, salt and freezing, abiotic stresses that affect plant water status. The Plant Journal. 45,523–539.

Zhu JK (2001) Plant salt tolerance. Trends in plant science. 6(2), 66-71.

Zwart SJ, Bastiaanssen WGM (2004) Review of measured crop water productivity values for irrigated wheat, rice, cotton and maize. Agricultural Water Management. 69, 115-133.