Using of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Granule (TPU) as a Reinforcing Phase and Self-Healing Agent in a Polymer Composite Resin Epoxy to Exhibit Mechanical Properties Recovery

Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing

دوره 10، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 38، تیر 2022، صفحه 49-58   

نوع مقاله: Research Paper

نویسندگان

Mostafa Hosseini¹؛ Aazam Ghassemi^{* 2}

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran

چکیده

In this study, for the first time, thermoplastic polyurethane granule (TPU) is used as a reinforcing phase and self-healing agent in a polymer composite epoxy resin (ER) to exhibit mechanical properties recovery. When the polymer composite is damaged or cracked, TPU granules are released at the site of damage and cause auto-repair of surfaces. Therefore, TPU granules with different composition percentages were mixed in silicon molds containing epoxy resin polymer composite. 4 samples with different TPU granules percentages were selected (A= 0 Wt.% TPU, B=10 Wt.% TPU, C=20 Wt.% TPU, and D=30Wt.% TPU). At first, making a deep cut in 4 polymer composite samples, the self-healing process and mechanical properties improvement are investigated by mechanical tests. In the self-repairing behavior of self-healing samples, it is observed that polymer composite samples with self-repairing agents of ER+20 Wt.% TPU granules had the highest self-healing efficiency (60.2%) compared to other specimens. A mechanical test shows that Sample C has a higher Young’s modulus (4.837 MPa) and higher tensile strength (9.46 MPa). Also, the impact test illustrated Sample C has a higher impact energy of 7.1 (J/m). Therefore, sample C has the highest mechanical properties among self-healing samples.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Self-healing؛ Polyurethane؛ Resin epoxy؛ Mechanical properties

مراجع

[1] Li G and Zhang P 2013 A self-healing particulate composite reinforced with strain hardened short shape memory polymer fibers, Polymer, 54, 5075-5086.

[2] Altuna F I, Antonacci J, Arenas G F, Pettarin V, Hoppe C E, and Williams R J J 2016 Photothermal triggering of self-healing processes applied to the reparation of bio-based polymer networks, Mater. Res. Express, 3, 045003.

[3] Zainuddin S, Arefin T, Fahim A, Hosur M, Tyson J, Kumar A, Trovillion J, and Jeelani S 2014 Recovery and improvement in low-velocity impact properties of e-glass/epoxy composites through novel self-healing technique, Compos. Struct. 108, 277-286.

[4] Latif S, Amin S, Haroon S S, and Sajjad I A 2019 Self-healing materials for electronic applications: an overview, Mater. Res. Express, 6, 062001.

[5] Keller M W and Crall M D, 2018, 6.15 Self-Healing Composite Materials Comprehensive Composite, Materials II 6 431-453.

[6] Thakur V K and Kessler M R, 2015, Self-healing polymer nanocomposite materials: A review, Polymer, 69, 369-383.

[7] Das R, Melchior C, and Karumbaiah K, 2016, Self-healing composites for aerospace applications, In Advanced composite materials for aerospace engineering, 333-364.

[8] Zhang P and Li G, 2015, Healing-on-demand composites based on polymer artificial muscle, Polymer 64, 29-38.

[9] Pramanik N B, Nando G B, and Singha N K, 2015, Self-healing polymeric gel via RAFT polymerization and Diels–Alder click chemistry, Polymer, 69, 349-356.

[10] Yao L, Yuan Y C, Rong M Z, and Zhang M Q, 2011, Self-healing linear polymers based on RAFT polymerization, Polymer, 52, 3137-3145.

[11] Michael P, Doehler D, and Binder W H, 2015, Improving autonomous self-healing via combined chemical/physical principles, Polymer, 69, 216-227.

[12] Zhang G, Pei J, Li R, Li P, and Zhou B J, 2018, The preparation and characterization of a novel self-healing based on the dynamic translocation of disulfide bonds, Mater. Res. Express 5, 105301.

[13] Jones A and Dutta H, 2010, Fatigue life modeling of self-healing polymer systems, Mech. Mater. 42, 481-490.

[14] Jones A, Watkins C, White S, and Sottos N, 2015, Self-healing thermoplastic-toughened epoxy, Polymer, 74, 254-261.

[15] Ollier R P, Penoff M E, and Alvarez V A, 2016, Microencapsulation of epoxy resins: Optimization of synthesis conditions, Colloids. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 511, 27-38.

[16] Raimondo M, Guadagno L, Naddeo C, Longo P, Mariconda A, and Agovino A 2017 New structure of diamine curing agent for epoxy resins with self-restoration ability: Synthesis and spectroscopy characterization, J. Mol. Struct. 1130, 400-407.

[17] Meure S, Wu D-Y, and Furman S A, 2010, FTIR study of bonding between a thermoplastic healing agent and a mendable epoxy resin, Vib. Spectrosc. 52, 10-15.

[18] Pingkarawat K, Dell’Olio C, Varley R, and Mouritz A, 2016, Poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) as an efficient healing agent for high performance epoxy networks using diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), Polymer 92, 153-163.

[19] Pingkarawat K, Bhat T, Craze D, Wang C, Varley R J, and Mouritz A, 2013, Healing of carbon fibre–epoxy composites using thermoplastic additives, Polym. Chem. 4 5007-5015.

[20] Tripathi M, Kumar D, and Roy P K, 2017, Mesoporous silica as amine immobiliser for endowing healing functionality to epoxy resin Compos. Commun. 4, 20-23.

[21]   Ling J, Rong M Z, and Zhang M Q, 2012, Photo-stimulated self-healing polyurethane containing dihydroxyl coumarin derivatives, Polymer 53, 2691-2698.

[22] Abdoluosefi H E and Honarasa G, 2017, Fabrication of polyurethane and thermoplastic polyurethane nanofiber by controlling the electrospinning parameters, Mater. Res. Express 4, 105308.

[23] Yuan C e, Rong M Z, and Zhang M Q, 2014, Self-healing polyurethane elastomer with thermally reversible alkoxyamines as crosslinkages, Polymer 55, 1782-1791.

[24] Feng L, Yu Z, Bian Y, Lu J, Shi X, and Chai C, 2017, Self-healing behavior of polyurethanes based on dual actions of thermo-reversible Diels-Alder reaction and thermal movement of molecular chains, Polymer, 124, 48-59.

[25] Xu Y and Chen D, 2017, Self-healing polyurethane/attapulgite nanocomposites based on disulfide bonds and shape memory effect, Mater. Chem. Phys. 195, 40-48.

[26] Bera M and Maji P K, 2017, Effect of structural disparity of graphene-based materials on thermo-mechanical and surface properties of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites, Polymer, 119, 118-133.

[27] Mishra A K, Chattopadhyay S, Rajamohanan P, and Nando G B 2011 Effect of tethering on the structure-property relationship of TPU-dual modified Laponite clay nanocomposites prepared by ex-situ and in-situ techniques, Polymer, 52, 1071-1083.

[28] Li H, Ning N, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liang W, Tian M, and Chan T W 2015 Effect of content of organophosphorus on flame retardancy mode of thermoplastic polyurethane, Polymer, 67, 1-11.

[29] Pedrazzoli D and Manas-Zloczower I 2016 Understanding phase separation and morphology in thermoplastic polyurethanes nanocomposites, Polymer, 90, 256-263.

[30] Choi J, Jang J U, Yin W B, Lee B, and Lee K J, 2017, Synthesis of highly functionalized thermoplastic polyurethanes and their potential applications, Polymer, 116, 287-294.

[31] Liu R-C, Liu K, Du Y, Xu X-W, and Jia R-P, 2019, Microphase separation and properties of TPU/Nd2O3 nanocomposites, Materials Research Express 6, 055321.

[32] Li Y, Gao F, Xue Z, Luan Y, Yan X, Guo Z, and Wang Z, 2018, Synergistic effect of different graphene-CNT heterostructures on mechanical and self-healing properties of thermoplastic polyurethane composites, Mater. Des. 137, 438-445.

[33] Kim S M, Jeon H, Shin S H, Park S A, Jegal J, Hwang S Y, Oh D X, and Park J, 2018, Superior Toughness and Fast Self‐Healing at Room Temperature Engineered by Transparent Elastomers, Adv. Mater. 30, 1705145.

[34] Fenglei Zhang, Lei Zhang, Muhammad Yaseen and Kai Huang, 2020, A review on the self-healing ability of epoxy polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

[35] Hayes S A, Jones F R, Marshiya K, Zhang W, 2007, A self-healing thermosetting composite material Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 38, 1116-1120