Subchronic Toxicological Studies of Methanol and n-Hexane Extracts of Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decne Leaves Used as Antihypertensive Agent

Journal of Chemical Health Risks

دوره 13، شماره 3، آذر 2023، صفحه 565-575   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jchr.2023.1933560.1338

نویسندگان

Hadiza Lami Muhammad^{* 1}؛ Rahinat Garba¹؛ Abubakar Siddique Abdullah²؛ Hussaini Anthony Makun¹؛ Musa Bola Busari³؛ Hadiza Kudu Muhammad¹؛ Funmilola Sherifat Adefolalu⁴

¹Africa Centre of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

²Department of Internal Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria

³Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Global Institute for Bioexploration Unit, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

⁴Malaria Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

چکیده

Leptadenia hastata leaf extracts are used in the folkloric treatment of hypertension and its attendant complications. Sub-chronic toxicological study of the methanol and n-hexane leaf extracts of L. hastata was carried out orally on Swiss albino rats for 28 days. Doses of 100, 300, and 600 mg kg^-1 bodyweights of both extracts were administered through the oral route once daily to the rats in respectively labeled test groups while the control group with normal saline (0.5 ml). L. hastata methanol extract showed a moderate presence of alkaloids (0.92±0.14) and cardiac glycosides. The LD₅₀ of both extracts is >5000 mg kg^-1 bodyweight. ALT, AST, ALP, and total protein were all significantly high in 600 mg kg^-1 bodyweight of the extract (n-hexane)-treated group by a 2% reduction in bodyweight on the 12th day. Lipids in both extract-treated groups were reduced with a concomitant increase in HDL of the methanol extract-treated groups and a decrease in the extract (n-hexane)-treated groups. PCV and RBC significantly increased (p<0.05) and decreased (p>0.05) in the methanol and n-hexane extract-treated groups respectively, while the WBC significantly increased in the extract (n-hexane)-treated groups. Only 600 mg kg^-1 bodyweight of the extract (n-hexane)-treated group showed a decrease in liver and kidney weights with an increase in the weight of the heart. Electrolytes were significantly reduced in 600 mg kg^-1 bodyweight of the extract (n-hexane)-treated group while urea, creatinine, direct, and total bilirubin increased in the extract (n-hexane)-treated groups. L. hastata extracts at 600 mg kg^-1 bodyweight may be toxic.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Toxicity؛ Extract؛ Phytochemical

مراجع

1. Bandaranayake W.M., 2006. Quality control, screening, toxicity, and regulation of herbal drugs. In:Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs, Ahmad I., Aqil F., Owais, M., Eds., Weinheim: Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 25–57.
2. World Health Organization (WHO), 2008. WHO media center fact sheet. http://www. who.int/ mediacenter/fact sheets/fs134/600. (Assessed May, 14^th 2009).
3. Muhammad H.L., Makun H.A., Kabiru A.Y., Mann A., Busari M.B., Abdullah A.S., Fatima A., 2015. In vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo acute toxicological studies of Nelsonia campestris aqueous leaf extract. International Journal of Biochemistry Research and Review. 7(1), 27-35.
4. Boussahel S., Dahamna S., Ruberto G., Siracusa L., Harzallah D., 2013. Phytochemical study and antioxidant activities of leaf extracts from Rhamnus alaternus Pharmacognosy Communications. 3(1), 46-53.
5. World Health Organization (WHO), 2010. Department of Non-communicable Disease Surveillance. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. http://whqlibdoc.WHO (Assessed July 25^th, 2011)
6. Sahoo N., Manchikanti P., 2012. Herbal drug regulation and commercialization: An Indian Industry Perspective. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 19, 957-963.
7. Umaru I.J., Ahmed B.F., Umaru A.H., Umaru I.K., 2018. Leptadenia Hastata (pers) Decne: Phytochemical, pharmacological, biotechnological, botanical, traditional uses and agronomical aspects. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 5(6), 109-119.
8. Soni P., Siddiqui A.A., Dwivedi J., Soni V., 2012. Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium as a potential medicinal tree: An overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2(12), 1002-1008.
9. Akanji M.A, Salau A.K., Yakubu M.T., 2013. Safety evaluation of aqueous extract of Crateva adansonii leaves on selected tissues of rats. Fountain Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 2(1), 17-28.
10. Das N., Goshwami D., Hasan S., Raihan S.Z., 2015. Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity induced by methanol extract of Terminalia citrine leaves in Sprague dawley rats. Journal of Acute Diseases. 4(4), 316-21.
11. Olaoluwa T.A., Odutola O., Olugbenga O.A., Funmilayo D.O., Sunday O.O., Afolayan A.J., 2015. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotranferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities in selected tissues of rats fed on processed atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology. 73, 5942-5948.
12. Sofowara A.E., 1993. Medicinal plant and traditional medicine in Africa. Volume 2. Spectra Books Ltd: Nigeria. pp. 150-156.
13. Chavda R., Validia K.R., Gokani R., 2010. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of root bark of Calotropis Procera Br (Asclepediacea). International Journal of Pharmacology. 6(6), 937-943.
14. Singh K. K., San E.N., Maheshwari J.K., 2007. Traditional Phytotherapy among the tribe of Varanasi district, Uttarpradesh. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. 4(3), 8 29-838
15. Harbone J.B., 1976. Methods of plant analysis. In: Phytochemical methods. Chapman & Hall: London. 1976.
16. Olaniyan J.M., Muhammad H.L., Makun H.A., Busari M.B., Abdullah A.S., 2015. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of aqueous and methanol extracts of Nelsonia campestris in rats. Journal of Acute Diseases. 5(1), 62-70.
17. Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC), 1997. CCAC guidelines on: animal use protocol review. Ottawa ON: CCAC. pp. 12.
18. Lorke D., 1983. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archive of Toxicology. 54, 275-287.
19. Adedapo A.A., Sofidiya O.M., Maphosa V., Moyo B., 2008. Antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of the aqueous extract of Cussonia paniculata stem bark. Records of Natural Products. 2(1), 43-47.
20. Omulokoli E., Khan B., Chhbra S.C., 1997. Antiplasmodial activity of four Kenyan medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 56, 133-137.
21. Olorunnisola O.S., Bradley G., Afolayan A.J., 2012. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea rhizomes in Wistar rats. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11(83), 14934-14940.
22. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (OECD), 2001. Guidance Document on acute oral toxicity testing. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris, France.
23. Amresh G.R., Singh P.N., Rao. V.C., 2008. Toxicological screening of traditional medicine Laghupatha (Cissaampelos pareira) in experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 116, 454-460.
24. Phillip L.W., Robert C.J., Stephen M.R., 2002. Hepatotoxicity: In principles of toxicology, environmental and industrial applications. John Wiley & Sons: New York. 117.
25. Wallace A.H., 2007. Principles and Methods of Toxicology. 5th ed. Healthcare USA, Inc: New York, NY 10017. pp. 369-453.
26. Uma M., Shalimol A., Arumugasamy K., Udhayasankar M.R., Punitha D., 2014. Effect of Methanolic Extract of Smilax Wightii A. Dc. on Serum Protein Profile in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 6(5), 1746-1750.
27. Adeneye A.A., Ajagbonna O.P., Adeleke T.I., Bello S.O., 2006. Preliminary toxicity and phytochemical studies of the stem bark aqueous extract of Musanga cecropioides in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 105, 374-379.
28. Hammami L., Smaoui S., Hsouna A.B., Hamdi N., Trikil M.A., 2015. Ruta montana leaf essential oil and extracts: characterization of bioactive compounds and suppression of gall disease. Excli Journal. 14, 83-94
29. Asanga E., Edet E.E.P., Eseyin A.O., Hematological parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with ethanol extracts and fractions of Nauclea lafiloia leaf. European Scientific Journal. 9(27), 203-210.
30. Garba Y., Abubakar A.S., 2012. Haematological response and blood chemistry of Yankasa rams fed graded levels of Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) leaves. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 20(1), 44-48
31. Edet E.E., Akpanabiatu M.I., Uboh F.E., Edet T.E., Eno A.E., Itam E.H., Umoh I.B., 2011. Gongronema latifolium crude leaf extract reverses alterations in hematological indices and weight loss in diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacology Toxicology. 6, 174-181.
32. Mayne P.D., 2005. Clinical chemistry in diagnosis and treatment. 6th ed. Amold: London. pp. 280-312.
33. Muhammad S., Hassan G., Dangoggo S.M., Hassan S.W., Umar K.J., Aliyu R. U., 2011. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of kernel extract of sclerocarya birrea in rats. Scientific World Journal. 6(3), 11-14.

Rana S.V., Rekha S., Seema V., 1996. Protective effects of few antioxidants on liver function in rats treated with cadmium and mercury. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 34, 177–179.