1D Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor for Multiple Biomarkers Detection

International Journal of Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering

دوره 2، شماره 1، دی 2022، صفحه 51-58   

نوع مقاله: Research article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/ijbbe.2023.699745

نویسندگان

Farzaneh Bayat^{* 1}؛ Kazem Jamshidi-Ghaleh²

¹Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

²Azarbaijsn Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

چکیده

In this paper, a highly sensitive 1D photonic crystal (1DPC) based biosensor is introduced and theoretically studied using the transfer matrix method, which has the capability of detecting multiple biomarkers, simultaneously. An m by n gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens array is introduced to the center of a 1DPC structure as a defect layer that is surrounded by two microfluidic channels. By irradiating a natural light source to the structure, a multiple array of the concentric rainbow appears on the output plane. The frequency range of these rainbows is highly dependent on the effective refractive index of the fluid inside the two microfluidic channels. By functionalizing the surfaces around the channels with an m by n antibody array along with the interaction of the various biomarkers, each element of the rainbow array displays the changes in the concentration of a different biomarker. Any change in the concentration of the biomarkers can cause a variation in the effective refractive index of the fluid and thus lead to a shift in the generated rainbow frequency range of the output. The size and number of the generated rainbow array may be engineered by using the central defect layer's refractive index distribution function.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Biosensors؛ Defect layers؛ Gradient refractive index lenses؛ One-dimensional photonic crystals؛ Transfer matrix method

مراجع

[1]    E. Ouellet, C. Lausted, T. Lin, C. W. T. Yang, L. Hood, and E. T. Lagally, “Parallel microfluidic surface plasmon resonance imaging arrays,” Lab Chip, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 581–588, 2010.
[2]    E. Fu, T. Chinowsky, J. Foley, J. Weinstein, and P. Yager, “Characterization of a wavelength-tunable surface plasmon resonance microscope,” Review of scientific instruments, vol. 75, no. 7, pp. 2300–2304, 2004.
[3]    B. P. Nelson, T. E. Grimsrud, M. R. Liles, R. M. Goodman, and R. M. Corn, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging measurements of DNA and RNA hybridization adsorption onto DNA microarrays,” Analytical Chemistry, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2001.
[4]    S. Scarano, M. Mascini, A. P. F. Turner, and M. Minunni, “Surface plasmon resonance imaging for affinity-based biosensors,” Biosensors and bioelectronics, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 957–966, 2010.
[5]    L. M. Demers, D. S. Ginger, S.-J. Park, Z. Li, S.-W. Chung, and C. A. Mirkin, “Direct patterning of modified oligonucleotides on metals and insulators by dip-pen nanolithography,” Science, vol. 296, no. 5574, pp. 1836–1838, 2002.
[6]    J.-H. Lim, D. S. Ginger, K.-B. Lee, J. Heo, J.-M. Nam, and C. A. Mirkin, “Direct-write dip-pen nanolithography of proteins on modified silicon oxide surfaces,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 42, no. 20, pp. 2309–2312, 2003.
[7]    K. Salaita, Y. Wang, and C. A. Mirkin, “Applications of dip-pen nanolithography,” Nature nanotechnology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 145–155, 2007.
[8]    A. Bernard, J. P. Renault, B. Michel, H. R. Bosshard, E. Delamarche, and Others, “Microcontact printing of proteins,” Advanced Materials, vol. 12, no. 14, pp. 1067–1070, 2000.
[9]    S. Gupta, K. P. Manubhai, V. Kulkarni, and S. Srivastava, “An overview of innovations and industrial solutions in Protein Microarray Technology,” Proteomics, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1297–1308, 2016.
[10]    M. Castronovo and D. Scaini, “The atomic force microscopy as a lithographic tool: nanografting of DNA nanostructures for biosensing applications,” DNA Nanotechnology: Methods and Protocols, vol.749, pp. 209–221, 2011.
[11]     S. R. Coyer, A. J. Garc´ıa, and E. Delamarche, “Facile Preparation of Complex Protein Architectures with Sub-100-nm Resolution on Surfaces,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 46, no. 36, pp. 6837–6840, 2007.
[12]     L. Petersson, L. Dexlin-Mellby, A. A. Bengtsson, G. Sturfelt, C. A. K. Borrebaeck, and C. Wingren, “Multiplexing of miniaturized planar anti-body arrays for serum protein profiling - a biomarker discovery in SLE nephritis,” Lab Chip, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1931–1942, 2014.
[13]     J. W. Strutt, “On waves propagated along the plane surface of an elastic solid,” Proc. London Math. Soc, vol. 17, no. 253, pp. 4–11, 1885.
[14]     R. K. Lee, Y. Xu, and A. Yariv, “Modified spontaneous emission from a two-dimensional photonic bandgap crystal slab,” JOSA B, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1438–1442, 2000.
[15]     V. V. Rumyantsev and A. Schwartzman, “Peculiarities of propagation of electromagnetic excitations through nonideal 1d Photonic Crystal,” J Electr Electron Syst, vol. 1, no. 109, pp. 2-7, 2013.
[16]     K. Jamshidi-Ghaleh, F. Bayat, A. Phirouznia, and S. Soleimani, “Petal- shaped optical vortice generation by a graded-index defective 1DPC nanostructure under irradiation of a Gaussian beam,” Journal of Optics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 35104, 2015.
[17]     K. Jamshidi-Ghaleh and F. Bayat, “Engineering 1DPC defect mode with GRIN lenses to design beam shapers,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 26, pp. 440–443, Mar 2014.
[18]     K. Jamshidi Ghaleh and F. Bayat, “Generating frequency dependant twisted beam shapes using 1DPC nanostructure with graded-index defect layer,” Optics Letters, vol. 39, no. 13, pp. 3802–3805, 2014.
[19]     F. Bayat, S. Ahmadi-Kandjani, and H. Tajalli, “Designing real-time biosensors and chemical sensors based on defective 1-D Photonic Crystals,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 28, pp. 1843–1846, Sep 2016.
[20]    Qi, H., X. Zhang, M. Jiang, Q. Wang, and D. Li. "Optical constants of zinc selenide in visible and infrared spectral ranges." Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 84, no. 4, pp. 679-682, 2017.
[21]    J.-Q. Xi, Martin F. Schubert, Jong Kyu Kim, E. Fred Schubert, Minfeng Chen, Shawn-Yu Lin, W. Liu & J. A. Smart, "Optical thin-film materials with low refractive index for broadband elimination of Fresnel reflection," Nature photonics, vol.1, no. 3, pp. 176-179, 2007.
[22]     J.-Q. Xi, M. F. Schubert, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, M. Chen, S.-Y. Lin, W. Liu, and J. A. Smart, “Optical thin-film materials with low refractive index for broadband elimination of Fresnel reflection,” Nature photonics, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 176–179, 2007.
[23]    C. Ye and R. R. McLeod, “GRIN lens and lens array fabrication with diffusion-driven photopolymer,” Optics Letters, vol. 33, no. 22, pp. 2575– 2577, 2008.
[24]    H.-B. Sun and S. Kawata, “Two-photon photopolymerization and 3D lithographic microfabrication,” in NMR 3D Analysis Photopolymerization, pp. 169–273, Springer, 2004.
[25]    A. Yariv and P. Yeh, “Optical Waves in Crystals: Propagation and Control of Laser Radiation”, vol. 5. Wiley New York, pp. 155-219, 1984.