ماهیت حقوقی و ضمانت اجرای قرارهای دستور موقت دیوان بین المللی دادگستری در پرتو رویه دیوان و عملکرد کشورها

تحقیقات حقوقی بین المللی

مقاله 8، دوره 16، شماره 59، فروردین 1402، صفحه 191-222   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/alr.2022.1950278.2265

نویسندگان

مهدیه اردشیر مقدم¹؛ هیبت الله نژندی منش^{* 2}؛ محمدعلی صلح چی³

¹گروه حقوق، واحد بین المللی کیش، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جزیره کیش، ایران. رایانامه: [e-mail]

²گروه حقوق، واحد بین المللی کیش، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جزیره کیش، ایران. استادیار دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول). رایانامه: [e-mail]

³گروه حقوق، واحد بین المللی کیش، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، جزیره کیش، ایران. دانشیار حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. رایانامه: [e-mail]

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری به‌موجب اساسنامه خود از این اختیار برخوردار است تا به‌منظور حفظ حقوق طرف‌های اختلاف و همچنین جلوگیری از گسترش و وخامت اختلاف، قرار اقدامات موقتی را صادر نماید. این قرارها از همان ابتدا با تفسیر مختلف کشورهای مرتبط با اختلاف مواجه بوده‌اند. برخی از کشورها این قرارها را غیرالزام‌آور می‌دانستند؛ درحالی‌که برخی دیگر آن‌ها را الزام‌آور می‌دانستند. در دکترین نیز تا حدودی این اختلاف‌نظر وجود داشت. در نوشتار حاضر ضمن بررسی ماهیت حقوقی قرار اقدامات موقتی، این مسئله بحث شده است که آیا در حقوق بین‌الملل ضمانت اجرایی برای عملی کردن قرار اقدامات موقتی وجود دارد یا خیر؟ به‌علاوه در این خصوص رویه کشورها چگونه است؟

روش: پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام‌شده است.

یافته‌ها و نتایج: بنابر رویه دیوان، به‌ویژه در پرونده لاگراند، قرارهای اقدامات موقت دیوان الزام‌آور می‌باشند. ازاین‌رو، کشورهای مخاطب این قرارها ازنظر حقوقی ملزم به اجرای آن‌ها می‌باشند قرار اقدامات موقتی ازجمله تصمیمات الزام‌آور دیوان می‌باشد و کشورها برای اجرای آن روش‌های مختلفی ازجمله اقدامات یک‌جانبه، مراجعه به شورای امنیت، مراجعه به محاکم داخلی و اقدامات متقابل را بکار می‌برند. ضمانت اجرای قرارهای اقدامات موقتی همان ضمانت اجرای حقوق بین‌المللی می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

قرار اقدامات موقتی؛ دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری؛ ضمانت اجرا؛ پرونده لاگراند؛ رویه دولت‌ها

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