Evaluation of Air Pollutants Caused by Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene at Kazakhstan Petrochemical Industries Inc. LLP in 2022

Journal of Chemical Health Risks

دوره 13، شماره 4، اسفند 2023، صفحه 753-760   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jchr.2023.1982545.1710

نویسندگان

Kuanysh Syman^{* 1}؛ Zuhra Muter Saleh²؛ Ahmed Hasoon³؛ Farah A. Dawood⁴؛ Zinah Salem Awfi⁵؛ Luau Ali Khaleel⁶؛ Bekenova Nazym¹؛ Omarov Nazarbek Bakytbekovich⁷؛ Aldiyar E. Masalov⁸

¹Institute of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

²Department of Pharmacy, Al-Manara College for Medical Sciences, Maysan, Iraq

³Engineering Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq

⁴Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, AL-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

⁵Department of Dental Industry Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq

⁶National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq

⁷Non-profit Joint Stock Company, Semey Medical University, Department of Hospital Surgery, Semey, Kazakhstan

⁸PhD doctoral student of the 2nd year of study in the specialty "Medicine", Department of Hospital and Pediatric Surgery, NJSC "Semey Medical University". Semey, Republic of Kazakhstan

چکیده

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, and xylene are toxic air pollutants which are released into the atmosphere by various human activities such as gasoline production and use, chemical manufacturing and incineration of certain waste. These pollutants are also harmful to the environment, causing harm to plants, aquatic life, and soil quality. Therefore, it is important to implement measures to reduce emissions from these substances. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the air pollutants caused by benzene, toluene, and xylene at Kazakhstan Petrochemical Industries Inc. LLP in 2021–2022. In order to calculate the sample size for this cross-sectional study, the preliminary evaluation findings from a related study that measured the concentration of hydrocarbons in petrochemical facilities were employed. 281 samples were gathered between the winter and summer of 2022. The national institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH) methods of 1501 was applied to conduct the sampling and analysis of pollutants. The air was sampled using a charcoal tube sampler that was attached to a pump. The chemicals were then extracted using the solvent carbon disulfide (CS₂), and samples were then analyzed using a capillary-equipped gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 23.0. The findings demonstrated that benzene concentrations in the sampling areas throughout the winter and summer were higher than the recommended value advised by the American conference of governmental industrial hygienists (ACGIH).

کلیدواژه‌ها

Volatile organic compounds؛ Occupational exposure؛ Benzene؛ Toluene؛ Xylenes

مراجع

1. Yuan L., Shin K., Managi S., 2018. Subjective well-being and environmental quality: the impact of air pollution and green coverage in China. Ecological Economics. 153 124–138.
2. Orru K., Orru H., Maasikmets M., Hendrikson R., Ainsaar M., 2016. Well-being and environmental quality: Does pollution affect life satisfaction? Quality of Life Research. 25 699–705.
3. Molajou A., Pouladi P., Afshar A., 2021. Incorporating social system into water - food - energy nexus. Water Resources Management. 35, 4561-4580.
4. Koruzhde M, Popova V., 2022. Americans Still Held Hostage: A Generational Analysis of American Public Opinion about the Iran Nuclear Deal. Political Science Quarterly. 137(3), 511-37.
5. Bourdrel T., Bind M.A., Béjot Y., Morel O., Argacha J.F., 2017. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 110(11), 634–642.
6. Keawboonchu J., Thepanondh S., Kultan V., Pinthong N., Malakan W., Robson M.G., 2023. Integrated Sustainable Management of Petrochemical Industrial Air Pollution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20(3), 2280.
7. Zheng H., Kong S., Yan Y., Chen N., Yao L., Liu X., Wu F., Cheng Y., Niu Z., Zheng S., 2020. Compositions, sources and health risks of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a petrochemical industrial park along the Yangtze River. Science of the Total Environment. 703, 135505.
8. Liu Y., Shao M., Fu L., Lu S., Zeng L., Tang D., 2008. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China: Part I. Atmospheric Environment. 42(25), 6247–6260.
9. Han D., Gao S., Fu Q., Cheng J., Chen X., Xu H., Liang S., Zhou Y., Ma Y., 2018. Do volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from petrochemical industries affect regional PM2. 5? Atmospheric Research. 209, 123–130.
10. Dunea D., Liu H.Y., Iordache S., Buruleanu L., Pohoata A., 2020. Liaison between exposure to sub-micrometric particulate matter and allergic response in children from a petrochemical industry city. Science of the Total Environment. 745, 141170.
11. Martinelli N., Olivieri O., Girelli D., 2013. Air particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 24(4), 295–302.
12. Rai P.K., 2016. Impacts of particulate matter pollution on plants: Implications for environmental biomonitoring. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 129 120–136.
13. Zhao S., Zhao D., Song Q., 2022. Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 116, 125–138.
14. Rahman M.M., Rahman M.S., Chowdhury S.R., Elhaj A., Razzak S.A., Abu Shoaib S., Islam M.K., Islam M.M., Rushd S., Rahman S.M., 2022. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector of Saudi Arabia—An Emerging Challenge. Sustainability. 14(12), 7388.
15. Trowbridge J., Goin D.E., Abrahamsson D., Sklar R., Woodruff T.J., 2023. Fossil fuel is the common denominator between climate change and petrochemical exposures, and effects on women and childrenʼs health. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 160(2), 368–371.
16. Belingheri M., Fustinoni S., De Vito G., Porro A., Riva M.A., 2019. Benzene and leukemia: from scientific evidence to regulations. A historical example. La Medicina Del Lavoro. 110(3), 234.
17. Afighor M., Ben-Azu B., Ajayi A.M., Umukoro S., 2019. Role of cytochrome c and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in memory deficit induced by high doses of a commercial solid air freshener in mice. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 9(4), 263–274.
18. Ratner M.H., Jabre J.F., Ewing W.M., Abou-Donia M., Oliver L.C., 2018. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis—A case report and mechanistic review of the association with toluene and other volatile organic compounds. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 61(3), 251–260.
19. Niaz K., Bahadar H., Maqbool F., Abdollahi M., 2015. A review of environmental and occupational exposure to xylene and its health concerns. EXCLI Journal. 14, 1167.
20. Manisalidis I., Stavropoulou E., Stavropoulos A., Bezirtzoglou E., 2020. Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Frontiers in Public Health. 14.
21. Thang P.Q., Kim S.J., Lee S.J., Ye J., Seo Y.K., Baek S.O., Choi S.D., 2019. Seasonal characteristics of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a petrochemical and oil refinery industrial area on the west coast of South Korea. Atmospheric Environment. 198, 398–406.
22. Thang P.Q., Kim S.J., Lee S.J., Kim C.H., Lim H.J., Lee S.B., Kim J.Y., Vuong Q.T., Choi S.D., 2020. Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using passive air samplers in Seoul, South Korea: Spatial distribution, seasonal variation, and source identification. Atmospheric Environment. 229, 117460.
23. Lu C., Wang X., Zhang J., Liu Z., Liang Y., Dong S., Li M., Chen J., Chen H., Xie H., 2021. Substantial emissions of nitrated aromatic compounds in the particle and gas phases in the waste gases from eight industries. Environmental Pollution. 283, 117132.
24. Li X.B., Yuan B., Wang S., Wang C., Lan J., Liu Z., Song Y., He X., Huangfu Y., Pei C., 2022. Variations and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban region: insights from measurements on a tall tower. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 22(16), 10567–10587.
25. Chen M.J., Lin C.H., Lai C.H., Cheng L.H., Yang Y.H., Huang L.J., Yeh S.H., Hsu H.T., 2016. Excess lifetime cancer risk assessment of volatile organic compounds emitted from a petrochemical industrial complex. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 16(8), 1954–1966.
26. Kotrlik J., Higgins C., 2001. Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research appropriate sample size in survey research. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal. 19(1), 43.
27. Salman D., 2011. Industrial development and the trade-off to environment: measurement techniques, meanings and outcomes in the context of water poverty in Egypt. International Journal of Green Economics. 5(1), 87–108.
28. Dantas G., Gorne I., Silva C.M. da, Arbilla G., 2022. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) concentrations in urban areas impacted by chemical and petrochemical industrial emissions. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 108(2), 204–211.
29. Al-Tu’ma A.F., Hassan E.A., Taha A., Mohammed I.M., Muhammed Mahdi Z., Rasuol A.A.H., 2023. Sources and Seasonal Variance of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds in the Oil-Based Chemical Industry from 2020 to 2021: A Case Study of Iraq. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 13(1), 105–114.
30. Zhu T., Li F., Niu W., Gao Z., Han Y., Zhang X., 2021. Health risk assessment of toxic and harmful air pollutants discharged by a petrochemical company in the beijing-tianjin-hebei region of china. Atmosphere. 12(12), 1604.
31. Liao Q., Zhang Y., Ma R., Zhang Z., Ji P., Xiao M., Du R., Liu X., Cui Y., Xing X., 2022. Risk assessment and dose-effect of co-exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene (BTEXS) on pulmonary function: A cross-sectional study. Environmental Pollution. 310 119894.