Comparative GC-MS Analysis, Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Garcinia kola Heckel seed and stem-bark n-hexane extract

Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)

دوره 14، شماره 2، شهریور 2023، صفحه 35-43   

نوع مقاله: Original article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/medherb.2023.707916

نویسندگان

Seide Modupe Akoro^{* 1}؛ Oyinlade Cecilia Ogundare¹؛ Adekunle Samuel Oyedola²

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Basic Science, Lagos State University of Science and Technology, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria;

²Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Basic Science, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria;

چکیده

Background & Aim: Garcinia kola is one of the well-known tropical medicinal plants known in the traditional management of several diseases especially connected with inflammatory and degenerative diseases. This study was designed to compare the phytochemical contents and cytotoxic activities of crude G. kola n-hexane seed and stem-bark extracts by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
Experimental: Fresh seeds and stem-bark of G. kola were collected, authenticated and extracted by macerating in n-hexane separately. The compounds in the crude extracts were evaluated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The cytotoxic activity was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay.
Results: Extraction of the plant materials yielded the crude n-hexane extracts GKSE and GKBE from the G. kola seed and stem-bark, respectively. GC-MS analysis detected 54 and 34 compounds in GKSE and GKBE, respectively. The most abundant compounds in both extracts were Lanosta-8,24-dien-3-one and Oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one with percentage abundance of 20.72% and 22.71%, respectively. The stem-back extract (LC₅₀=42.76±1.85 μg/mL) showed better cytotoxic activity than the seed extract (LC₅₀=73.15±1.51 μg/mL). GC-MS results for both extracts indicated compounds known for their antioxidant and anticancer properties which may explain some of the various ethno-medical uses of G. kola seed and stem-bark.
Recommended applications/industries: This plant could be a source of a new anticancer drug.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Cytotoxic activity؛ Garcinia kola seed and stem-bark؛ GC-MS؛ n-hexane extract؛ phytochemical contents

مراجع

Akintonwa, A. and Essien, A. R. 1990. Protective effects of Garcinia kola seed extract against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29 (2): 207-11

Akoro, S.M., Aiyelaagbe, O.O., Onocha, P.A. and Gloer, J.B. 2018. Gakolanone: a new benzophenone derivative from Garcinia kola Heckel stem-bark. Natural product research, 34 (2): 241-250.

Akoro, S.M., Omotayo, M. A., Ogundare, O.C., Akpovwovwo, S.A. and Bello, G.P. 2022. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Lannea egregia Engl. & K. Krause Stem Bark Extracts. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(3):149 - 156

Carta, G., Murru, E., Banni, S and Manca, C. 2017. Palmitic Acid: Physiological Role, Metabolism and Nutritional Implications. Frontier in Physiology, 8: 902.

Charles-Okhe, O., Odeniyi, M.A., Fakeye, T.O., Ogbole, O.O., Akinleye, T.E., and Adeniji, A. J. 2022. Cytotoxic activity of crude extracts and fractions of African peach (nauclea latifolia smith) stem bark on two cancer cell lines. Phytomedicine Plus, 2(1): 100212.

Emmanuel, E.E., Paul, S.T., Ime, R.E. and Mohammad, I.C. 2021. Isolation and characterization of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, antiglycation, antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia kola Heckel roots extract and fractions. South African Journal of Botany, 140: 62-67.

Farombi, E.O., Tahnteng, J.G., Agboola, O.A., Nwankwo, J.O. and Emerole, G.O. 2000. Chemoprevention of 2-acetylaminofluorene induced hepatotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in rats by kolaviron- a Garcinia kola seed extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38: 535–541.

Farombi, E.O. 2000. Mechanisms for the hepatoprotective action of kolaviron: Studies on hepatic enzymes, microsomal lipids and lipid peroxidation in carbon tetrachloride treated rats. Pharmacological Research 42: 75–80.

Farombi, E.O., Adedara, I.A., Ajayi, B.O., Ayepola, O.R. and Egbeme, E.E. 2013. Kolaviron, a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemical prevents dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in rats. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. 113 (1): 49-55. 

Güneş, F.E., Üniversitesi, M., Fakültesi, S. B.,Bölümü,B. D., and Türkiye, I. 2013. Medical use of squalene as a natural antioxidant derleme/review. Journal of Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, 3: 221–229.

Idris, A. E., Seke Etet, P. F., Saeed, A. A., Farahna, M., Satti, G. M. H., AlShammari, S. Z., and Hamza, M. A. 2020. Evaluation of metabolic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia kola on diabetic rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(12): 3641–3646.

Iwu M. M. 1985. Antihepatoxic constituents of Garcinia kola seeds. Experientia, 41 (5): 699–700.

Iwu, M., Igboko, O. A., Onwuchekwa, U. and Okunji, C. O. 1987. Evaluation of the antihepatotoxicity of the bioflavonoids of Garcinia kola seeds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 21: 127–142.

Kalu, W.O., Okafor, P. N., Ijeh, I.I., and Eleazu, C. 2016. Effect of kolaviron, a biflavanoid complex from Garcinia kola on some biochemical parameters in experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasic rats. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 83: 1436–1443.

Karan, T., and Aydin, A. 2018. Anticancer potential and cytotoxic effect of some freshwater cyanobacteria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 17 (11): 2183-2188

Konoshima T, Takasaki M, Tokuda H, Masuda K, Arai Y, Shiojima K, Ageta H. 1996. Anti-tumor-promoting activities of triterpenoids from ferns. I. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 19: 962-965

Lourenço, S. C., Moldão-Martins, M. and Alves, V. D. 2019. Antioxidants of Natural Plant Origins: From Sources to Food Industry Applications. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(22): 4132.

Manourová, A; Leuner, O., Tchoundjeu, Z., Patrick Van Damme, P.V., Verner, V., Pribyl, O and Bohdan Lojka, B. 2019. Medicinal Potential, Utilization and Domestication Status of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola Heckel) in West and Central Africa. Forests, 10 (2): 124-129.

Mathur, P., Ding, Z., Saldeen, T., and Mehta, J. L. 2015. Tocopherols in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Disease. Clinical cardiology, 38 (9): 570–576.

Mphahlele, M.P. 2019. The sustained delivery system of curcuminoids-rich plant Curcuma longa, l for topical application. (Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available on the Internet at: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002.

National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2022a). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 92155, Diploptene. Available on the Internet at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.go v/compound/ Diploptene.

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022b). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 638072, Squalene. Available on the Internet at: https: //pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih.gov/ compound/Squalene.

Nwaehujor, C.O., Udegbunam, R.I., Ode, J.O., Udegbunam, S.O. 2015. Analgesic anti-inflammatory antipyretic activities of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol (GB1) from Garcinia kola. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry, 58: 91–96.

Ogunlesi, M., Okiei, W. and Osibote, A. E . 2010. Analysis of the essential oil from the leaves of Sesamum radiatum, a potential medication for male infertility factor, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9 (7): 1060-1067.

Omotoso, G.O., Ukwubile, I.I., Arietarhire, L., Sulaimon, F. and Gbadamosi, I.T. 2018. Kolaviron protects the brain in cuprizone-induced model of experimental multiple sclerosis via enhancement of intrinsic antioxidant mechanisms: Possible therapeutic applications? Pathophysiology, 25: 299–306.

Reddy and P. Couvreur, P. 2009. Squalene: a natural triterpene for use in disease management and therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 61, (15): 1412–1426.

Sasikumar, K., and Ghosh, A. R. 2019. Brine shrimp cytotoxicity potential of alpha-mangostin and dulxanthone D from Garcinia mangostana. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology, 14: 123-124.

Sofowora, A. 1993. Screening plants for bioactive agents. In: Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicinal in Africa, second ed., Spectrum Books Ltd., Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 134–156.

Srivastava, R., Mukerjee, A., and Verma, A. 2015. GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, Pet Ether Fraction of Wrightia tinctoria Seed. Pharmacognosy Journal, 7(4): 249-253.

Vanhaecke, P., Persoone, G., Claus, C., & Sorgeloos, P. 1981. Proposal for a short-term toxicity test with Artemia nauplii. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 5(3), 382–387.

Wołosik, K., Knaś, M., Zalewska, A., Niczyporuk, M., and Przystupa, A. W. 2013. The importance and perspective of plant-based squalene in cosmetology. Journal of Cosmetic Science, 64(1): 59–66.

Zhang, M., Aguilera, D., Das, C., Vasquez, H., Zage, P., Gopalakrishnan, V. and Wolff, J. 2007. Measuring cytotoxicity: a new perspective on LC50. Anticancer Research, 27(1A): 35–38.