Continuous Grain Refinement of Pure Aluminum During Cyclic Contraction/Expansion Extrusion (CCEE) Analyses by Micromechanical-Based FE and Experimental Methods

Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing

دوره 11، شماره 1، اردیبهشت 2023، صفحه 25-40

نوع مقاله: Research Paper

نویسندگان

Hossein Jafarzadeh^{* 1}؛ Sina Hassan Alipouri Fard¹؛ Alireza Babaei²

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran

چکیده

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has become an efficient route for producing ultrafine-grained and nanostructured high-strength metallic materials. The present study investigates the feasibility of synthesizing rod-shaped nanostructured pure aluminium samples with the newly presented severe plastic deformation (SPD) method called cyclic contraction/expansion extrusion (CCEE). Also, the deformation characteristics of this process were studied using both micromechanical-based finite element simulations and experimental methods. Tensile test results showed a noticeable increase in yield and ultimate tensile strength values to 155 MPa and 191 MPa from the initial values of 56 MPa and 112 MPa, respectively, after the second pass of CCEE processing. The microhardness measurements showed a significant increase in hardness values to 61 Hv from the initial value of 27 Hv at the end of the first and second passes of CCEE. Results showed that the proposed technique is an efficient SPD method capable of imposing severe stains in the order of 20 after six repeated cycles. The constitutive micro-mechanical approach was implemented to predict microstructure evolution during CCEE processing. The UFG cylindrical aluminium samples with a mean grain size of 480 nm at the end of the first pass and 360 nm at the end of the second pass of CCEE were processed from the initial grain size of ~55 μm. The XRD-obtained grain sizes were consistent with the FEM-predicted values.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Severe plastic deformation؛ cyclic extrusion contraction/expansion؛ finite element analysis؛ aluminum

مراجع

[1] M.J. B. Hadzima, Y. Estrin, H. S. Kim, "Microstructure and corrosion properties of ultrafine-grained interstitial free steel", Materials Science and Engineering A, , Vol. 462, No.  2007, pp. 243-247.

[2] A. Zhilyaev, K. Oh-Ishi, T. Langdon, T. McNelley, "Microstructural evolution in commercial purity aluminum during high-pressure torsion", Mater Sci Eng A, Vol. 277, No.  2005, pp. 410–411.

[3] A.P. Zhilyaev, T.G. Langdon, "Using high-pressure torsion for metal processing: Fundamentals and applications", Prog. Mater. Sci., Vol. 53, No. 6, 2008, pp. 893-979.

[4] J.J. A. Ma, N. Saito, I. Shigematsu, Y. Yuan, D. Yang, Y. Nishida, "Improving both strength and ductility of a mg alloy through a large number of ecap passes", Materials Science and Engineering A,, Vol. 513-514, No.  2009, pp. 122-127.

[5] H. Jafarzadeh, M. Zadshakoyan, E. Abdi Sobbouhi, "Numerical studies of some important design factors in radial-forward extrusion process", Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 25, No. 8, 2010, pp. 857-863.

[6] L.Z. S. Xu, X. Zhang, C. He, Y. Lv, "Synthesis of ag2se nanomaterial by electrodeposition and its application as cataluminescence gas sensor material for carbon tetrachloride", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical,, Vol. 155, No.  2011, pp. 311-316.

[7] G.D. J. Gubicza, P. Szommer, B. Bacroix, "Microstructure and yield strength of ultrafine grained aluminum processed by hot isostatic pressing", Materials Science and Engineering A,, Vol. 458, No.  2007, pp. 385-390.

[8] R.Z. Valiev, T.G. Langdon, "Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement", Prog. Mater. Sci., Vol. 51 No.  2006, pp. 881-981.

[9] N.T. Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, T. Sakai, R.G. Hong, "Ultra-fine grained bulk aluminum produced by accumulative roll-bonding (arb) process", Scr. Mater., Vol. 39, No.  1998, pp. 1221–1227.

[10] K.N. G. Sakai, Z. Horita, T. G. Langdon, "Developing high-pressure torsion for use with bulk samples”, " Materials Science and Engineering A, , Vol. 406, No.  2005, pp. 268-273.

[11] H. Jafarzadeh, A. Babaei, "Tube reversing and extrusion (tre) as a novel method for producing ufg thin tubes", Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, Vol. 70, No. 4, 2017, pp. 979-988.

[12] H. Jafarzadeh, K. Abrinia, "Fabrication of ultra-fine grained aluminium tubes by rtes technique", Materials Characterization, Vol. 102, No.  2015, pp. 1-8.

[13] N. Pardis, B. Talebanpour, R. Ebrahimi, S. Zomorodian, "Cyclic expansion-extrusion (cee): A modified counterpart of cyclic extrusion-compression (cec)", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 528, No. 25, 2011, pp. 7537-7540.

[14] M. Richert, H.P. Stüwe, M.J. Zehetbauer, J. Richert, R. Pippan, C. Motz, E. Schafler, "Work hardening and microstructure of almg5 after severe plastic deformation by cyclic extrusion and compression", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 355, No. 1, 2003, pp. 180-185.

[15] H. Hallberg, M. Wallin, M. Ristinmaa, "Modeling of continuous dynamic recrystallization in commercial-purity aluminum", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 527, No. 4–5, 2010, pp. 1126-1134.

[16] H. Jazaeri, F.J. Humphreys, "The transition from discontinous to continous recrystallization in some aluminum alloys i- the deformed state.", Acta Mater., Vol. 52, No.  2004, pp. 3239-3250.

[17] T.G. Langdon, "The principles of grain refinement in equal-channel angular pressing", Mater Sci Eng A Vol. 462, No.  2007, pp. 3–11.

[18] K. Edalati, T. Fujioka, Z. Horita, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure cu processed by high-pressure torsion", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 497, No. 1–2, 2008, pp. 168-173.

[19] J. Suh, H. Kim, J. Park, J. Chang, " Finite element analysis of material flow in equal channel angular pressing", Scripta Mater, Vol. 44, No.  2001, pp. 677.

[20] H.S. Kim, Y. Estrin, M.B. Bush, "Plastic deformation behaviour of fine-grained materials", Acta Materialia, Vol. 48, No. 2, 2000, pp. 493-504.

[21] R.A. Peyghan, H. Jafarzadeh, "Study of fine-grained pure copper fabrication by cyclic contraction/expansion extrusion (ccee) using experimental and finite element simulation methods", Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, Vol. 72, No. 3, 2019, pp. 757-765.

[22] V.L. Niranjani, K.C. Hari Kumar, V. Subramanya Sarma, "Development of high strength al–mg–si aa6061 alloy through cold rolling and ageing", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 515, No. 1–2, 2009, pp. 169-174.

[23] P. Sahu, M. De, S. Kajiwara, "Microstructural characterization of stress-induced martensites evolved at low temperature in deformed powders of fe–mn–c alloys by the rietveld method", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 346, No. 1–2, 2002, pp. 158-169.

[24] H. Hallberg, "Influence of process parameters on grain refinement in aa1050 aluminum during cold rolling", International journal of mechanical sciences, Vol. 66C, No.  2013, pp. 260-272.

[25] H. Hallberg, "Influence of process parameters on grain refinement in aa1050 aluminum during cold rolling", International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 66, No.  2013, pp. 260-272.

[26] M.S. Mohebbi, A. Akbarzadeh, "Accumulative spin-bonding (asb) as a novel spd process for fabrication of nanostructured tubes", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 528, No. 1, 2010, pp. 180-188.

[27] A.P. Zhilyaev, G.V. Nurislamova, B.K. Kim, M.D. Baró, J.A. Szpunar, T.G. Langdon, "Experimental parameters influencing grain refinement and microstructural evolution during high-pressure torsion", Acta materialia, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2003, pp. 753-765.

[28] Z.J. Zhang, Q.Q. Duan, X.H. An, S.D. Wu, G. Yang, Z.F. Zhang, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of cu and cu–zn alloys produced by equal channel angular pressing", Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 528, No. 12, 2011, pp. 4259-4267.

[29] B.J. Jianqiang, Kangning, S., Rui, L., Runhua, F., Sumei, W.,, "Effect of ecap pass number on mechanical properties of 2al2 al alloy", J. Wuhan Univ. Technol, Vol. No.  2008, pp. 71–74.

[30] P.R.C. R. B. Figueiredo, T. G. Langdon, "The processing of difficult-to-work alloys by ecap with an emphasis on magnesium alloys", Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, No.  2007, pp. 4769-4779.