Effect of Different Levels of Fennel Extract and Vitamin D3 on Performance, Hatchability and Immunity in Post Molted Broiler Breeders

Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science

مقاله 13، دوره 3، شماره 4، اسفند 2013، صفحه 733-745   

نوع مقاله: Research/Original Article

نویسندگان

M. Kazemi-Fard^{* 1}؛ H. Kermanshahi²؛ M. Rezaei¹؛ A. Golian²

¹Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

²The Excellence Center for Animal Science and Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

چکیده

A 3 × 3 factorial experiment with three levels of fennel extract (FE) (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg of diet) and three levels of added vitamin D₃ (Vit D₃) (0, 3500 and 4200 IU/kg of diet), was carried out to evaluate reproductive performanceand immune response of post molted broiler breeders(76-84 weeks).Broiler breeders were weighed at 10 week after molting (74 weeks) then randomly distributed into 36 pens in order to have a similar mean pen body weight (BW). Each pen consisted of 10 hens and 1 rooster. The birds received experimental diets at 74 weeks of age. Performance data were recorded daily, whereas egg quality traits were determined every 4 weeks. To determine the settable hatch, fertile hatch, embryonic mortality, real hatch, chick quality, chick sexing, chick weight and relative chick weight, eggs from each pen were collected three times a week, marked and incubated in a commercial hatchery for 21 days. Two blood samples were taken from two hens in each pen to assay Newcastle and Influenza antibody titers every two weeks.Dietary fennel extract supplementation significantly increased egg production, chick quality and improved Newcastle antibody titer over time (P<0.022). Furthermore, the addition of FE to diet significantly decreased double yolk and pewee eggs (P<0.001). Yolk color was affected by the addition of vitamin D₃ in the whole experimental period. Significant interactions between FE and vitamin D₃ on embryonic mortality were observed. The results of this study showed that supplementation of diet with FE exhibits beneficial effects on egg production, double yolk eggs, peewee eggs, chick quality, and Newcastle antibody titer. Dietarysupplementation of vitamin D₃improved yolk color with no adverse effect on productive performance.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Broiler breeder؛ embryonic mortality؛ Fennel extract؛ hatchability؛ vitamin D3

مراجع

Ahmed A.S., Penhale W.J. and Talal N. (1985). Sex hormones, immune responses andautoimmune diseases. Am. J. Pathol. 125, 531-551.
Ahmed A.S., Talal N. and Christadoss P. (1986). Genetic regulation of testosterone-inducedimmune suppression. Cell. Immunol. 104, 91-98.
Aburto A. and Britton W.M. (1998). Effects of different levels of vitamins A and E on the utilization of cholecalciferol by broiler chickens. Poult. Sci.77, 570-577.
Akdemir F. and Sahin K. (2009). Genistein supplementation to the quail: effects on eggproduction and egg yolk genistein, daidzein, and lipid peroxidation levels.Poult. Sci. 88, 2125-2131.
Bar A. and Hurwitz S. (1987). Vitamin D metabolism and calbindin (calcium binding protein) inaged laying hens. J. Nutr. 117, 1775-1779.
Bar A. and Hurwitz S. (1979). The interaction between calcium and gonadal hormones in theireffect on plasma calcium, bone 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase andduodenal calcium binding protein, measured by radioimmunoassay in chicks.Endocrinology. 104, 1455-1460.
Bernier P.E. (1947). The relative effects of inbreeding and outbreeding on reproduction in thedomestic fowl. Ph D. Thesis. Univ. California, USA.
Bird S. (1946). The influence of ingested estrogens on feed intake, metabolic rate and lipemia inmale fowl. Endocrinology. 39, 149-154.
Botsoglou N.A., Florou-Paneri P., Botsoglou E., Datos V., Giannenas I., Koidis A. andMitrakos P. (2005). The effect of feeding rosemary, oregano, saffron and α-tocopherylacetate on hen performance and oxidative stability of eggs. African J. Anim. Sci. 35, 143-151.
Bozkurt M., Alcicek A., Cabuk M., Kucukyilmaz K. and Catli A.U. (2009). Effect of an herbalessential oil mixture on growth, laying traits and egg hatching characteristicsofbroiler breeders. Poult. Sci. 88, 2368-2374.
Carter T.C. (1975). The hen’s egg: estimation of shell superficial area and egg volume, usingmeasurements of fresh egg weight and shell length and breadth alone or incombination. Br. Poult. Sci. 16, 541-543.
Craig W.J. (1999). Health-promoting properties of common herbs.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 491-499.
Common R.H., Rutledge W.A. and Bolton W. (1947).The influence of gonadal hormones on serum riboflavin and certain other properties of blood and tissues in the domesticfowl. Endocrinology. 5, 121-130.
Coulson P.B., Thorntwaite J.T., Skafar D.F. and Seaver S.S. (1982). Modulation of glucocorticoid hormone receptor levels in chicken lymphoid tissue following treatment withandrogens in vivo. J. Steroid. Biochem. 17, 1-9.
Dziaczkowska L. ( 1980). The pattern for the assessment of turkey chicks for fattening. In polish. Centre for Poultry Research and Development, Center for Water Fowl. Poznan.
Eldeek A.A., Attia Y.A. and Hannfy M.M. (2003). Effect of anise (Pimpinella anisiumj), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and their mixtureon performance of broilers. Arch. Geflugelk. 67, 92-96.
European Council Directive. (2006). Certain marketing standards for eggs. Chapter II: Gradesof eggs. Article 7: Grading of grade A eggs of regulation (EC) 2006 No.
Ewan R.C. (1991). Energy utilization in swine nutrition. Pp. 134-135 in Swine Nutrition. E.R.Miller, D.E. Ullrey and A.J. Lewis Eds. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston,MA.
Fabris N. (1981). Ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects of neuroendocrine-immune network.Dev. Comp. Immunol. 5, 49-60.
Gallagher J.C., Riggs B.L., Eisman J., Hamstra A., Arnoud S.B. and Deluca H.F. (1979). Intestinalcalcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects andosteoporotic patients.J. Clin. Invest. 64, 729-736.
Grobas S., Mendez J., De Blas C. and Mateos G.G. (1999). Laying hen productivity as affectedby energy, supplemental fat and linoleic acid concentration of the diet. Poult.Sci.78, 1542-1551.
Glick B. (2009). Experimental modification of the growth of the bursa of fabricius. Poult.Sci. 36, 18-23.
Hansen K.K. (2002). Aging and the role of estrogen in calcium mobilization in the laying hen.Ph D. Thesis. Univ. Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
Hansen K.K., Kittok R.J., Sarath G., Toombs C.F., Caceres N. and Beck M.M. (2003). Estrogenreceptor-α populations change with age in commercial laying hens. Poult. Sci. 82, 1624-1629.
Hempe J.M., Laukxen R.C. and Savage J.E. (1988). Rapid determination 464 of egg weight andspecific gravity using a computerized data collection system. Poult. Sci. 67, 902-907.
Herradon P.G., Razquin B. and Zapata A.G. (1991). Effects of early partial decapitation on theontogenic development of chicken lymphoid organs. I. Thymus. Am. J. Anat. 191, 57-66.
Hertrampf J.W. (2001). Alternative antibacterial performances. Poult. Int. 40, 50-52.
HodgsonI., Stewart J. and Fyfe L. (1998). Inhibition of bacteria and yeast by oil of fennel andparaben: development of synergistic antimicrobial combinations. J. Essen. Oil. Res. 10,293-297.
Hoshino S., Suzuki M., Kakagawa T., Imai K., Kobayashi Y. and Yamada Y. (1988). Changes inplasma thyroid hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone andcorticosterone of laying hens during a forced molt. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 96, 355-359.
Husseiny E.l., Shalash S.M. and Azouz H.M. (2002). Response of broiler performance to dietscontaining hot pepper, and / or fenugreek at different metabolizable energylevels. Egypt poult. Sci. 22, 387-406.
Johan L.A., Mcgibbon W.H. and Casida L.E. (1950). The fertility and hatchability of estrogen-fedpullets and carryover effects on their progeny. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 20, 707-716.
Johnson A.L. (1986). Reproduction in the female. Pp. 403-431 in Avian Physiology. P.D.Sturkie Ed. Springer Verlag, New York, NY.
Julian K.C.H. and Williams T.D. (1999). Effects of exogenous 17b-estradiol on 487 the reproductivephysiology and reproductive performance of European starlings. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 2679-2685.
Keshavarz K. (1995). Investigations on the effect of dietary manipulations of nutrients on earlyegg weight. Poult. Sci. 74, 62-74.
Keshavarz K. (2003). Effects of reducing dietary protein, methionine, choline, folic acid andvitamin B12 during the late stages of the egg production cycle on performanceand eggshell quality. Poult. Sci. 82, 1407-1414.
Le Douarin N.M., Michel G. and Baulieu E. (1980). Studies of testosterone-induced involution ofthe bursa of fabricius. Dev. Biol. 75, 288-302.
Madison F.F. (2002). Productive characteristics of two strains of laying hens as affected by bodyweight and age at puberty. MS Thesis. Univ. Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE.
Mehmet C., Talat G., Bestami D. and Nihat-Ertas O. (2005). The effect of anise oil (Pimpinellaanisuml) on broiler performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4, 851-855.
Munro S.S. and Kosin I.L. (1943). Dramatic response of the chick oviduct to estrogen. Poult. Sci. 22, 330-331.
Narbaitz R., Tsang C.P. and Grunder A.A. (1987). Effects of vitamin D deficiency in the chickenembryo. Abs. Pub. Med. 40, 109-113.
Nasra B., Yahya Z.E. and Fawzy A.A.E. (2010). Effect of dietary supplementation ofphytoestrogenics sources before sexual maturity of productive performanceMandarah hens. Egypt Poult. Sci. 30, 829-846.
Onagbesan O.M. and Peddie M.J. (1989). Calcium-dependent stimulation of estrogen secretion byFSH from theca cells of the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). En. Comp. Endocrinol. 75, 177-186.
Olsen M.W. and Neher B.H. (1948). The site of fertilization in the domestic fowl. J. Exp. Zool. 109, 355-366.
Osman N.E., Talat G., Mehmet C., Bestami D. and Simsek U.G. (2005). The effect of an essentialoil mix derived from oregano, clove and anise on broiler performance. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 4, 879-884.
Park S.W., Namkung H., Ahn H.J. and Paik I.K. (2005). Enrichment of vitamins D3, K and iron ineggs of laying hens. Asian-australas J. Anim. Sci. 18, 226-229.
Peebles E.D., Doyle S.M., Zumwalt C.D., Gerard P.D., Latour M.A. and Boyle C.R. (2001). Breederage influences embryogenesis in broiler hatching eggs. Poult. Sci. 80, 272-277.
Safaa H.M., Serrano M.P., Valencia D.G., Arbe X., Jime´nez-Moreno E., La´zaro R. andMateos G.G. (2008). Effects of the levels of methionine, linoleic acid and added fat inthe diet on productive performance and egg quality of brown laying hens in thelate phase of production. Poult. Sci. 87, 1595-1602.
Saeedi M., Ebrahimzadeh M.A., Morteza Semnani K., Akha A. and Rabiei K. (2010). Evaluationof antibacterial effect of ethanolic extract of eoeniculum vulgare mill. J. Mazand. Med. Sci. 77, 88-91.
Sahin N., Onderci M., Balci T.A., Cikim G., Sahin K. and Kucuk O. (2007). The effect of soyisoflavones on egg quality and bone mineralisation during the late laying periodof quail. Br. Poult. Sci. 48, 363-369.
SAS Institute. (2003). SAS/STAT 9.1.3 User’s Guide. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Simon J.E., Chadwick A.F. and Craker L.E. (1980). The scientific literature on selected herbs, andaromatic and medicinal plants of the temperate zone herbs: bibliography. 1984.
http//www.hort.purdure.edu/newcrop/med.aro/.html.
Simkiss K. and Taylor C. (1957). A histochemical study of the organic matrix of hen egg-shellsQuart. J. Microbiol. Sci. 98, 19-28.
Summers J.D. and Leesson S. (1993). Influence of diets varying in nutrient density on thedevelopment and reproductive performance of white leghorn pullets. Poult.Sci. 72, 1500-1509.
Stimson W.H. (1988). Oestrogen and human T lymphocytes: presence of specific receptors inthe T suppressor / cytotoxic subset. Scand. J. Immunol. 28, 345-350.
Taherkhani R., Zaghari M., Shivazad M. and ZareShahneh A. (2010). A twice-a-day feedingregimen optimizes performance in broiler breeder hens. Poult. Sci. 89,1692-1702.
Tona K., Bamelis F., Coucke W., Bruggeman V. and Decuypere E. (2001). Relationship betweenbroiler breeder’s age and egg weight lose and embryonic mortality duringincubation in large-scale conditions. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10, 221-227.
Wangensteen O.D., Wilson D. and Rahn H. (1971). Diffusion of gases across 557 the shell of thehen’s egg. Respira. Physiol. 11,16-30.
Whitehead C.C. (1995). Plasma oestrogen and the regulation of egg weight in laying hens bydietary fats. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 53, 91-98.
Whitehead C.C. (2004). Overview of bone biology in the egg laying hen. Poult. Sci.83, 193-199.
Yamamoto K.R. (1985). Steroid receptors regulated transcription of specific genes and genenetworks. Ann. Rev. Gen. 19, 209-252.