The Effects of Different Application Times of Broadleaf Herbicides on Winter Wheat

Research On Crop Ecophysiology

مقاله 11، دوره 12، شماره 2، شهریور 2017، صفحه 108-114

نویسندگان

SAYED KOMEIL SAYED SHOURBALAL¹؛ LIDA HASHEMI²

¹PhD Student of agronomy, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

²PhD Student of genetic and Breeding, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

چکیده

The Effects of Different Application Times of Broadleaf Herbicides on Winter Wheat
 
Sayed Komeil Sayed Shourbalal^*1 And Lida Hashemi²
1-PhD Student of agronomy, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2-PhD Student of genetic and Breeding, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
 
* Corresponding author email: [e-mail]
 
               Received:                                                                                   Accepted:
 
ABSTRACT
To Investigate the effects of different application times of broadleaf herbicides on winterwheat, a study was carried out (2015-16) in research farm of Islamic Azad University- Arak Branch as split plot experiment in randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications. Main treatments were 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), no herbicide, tribenuron-methyl, 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + tribenuron-methyl and subplots were time of using herbicides at initial establishment, tillering and start of stem elongation. Studied traits were the number of grains per spike (NGS), number of leaves per plant (NLP), spike’s dry weight (SDW), total dry weight (TDW) and grain yield (GY). According to the results, the highest GY (5.52 t ha⁻¹) was obtained from 2,4-D at start of stem elongation whereas the treatment of no herbicide at initial establishment had the lowest yield (4.12 t ha⁻¹). Also, the highest NGS (52.67) was produced by using of 2,4-D application at start of stem elongation which was not different from application 2,4-D at two other times. The lowest NGS (41) was belonging to no herbicide treatment.
Keywords: 2,4-D, Tribenuron methyl, Tillering, Grain yield, Winter wheat
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

Keywords: 2؛ 4-D؛ Tribenuron methyl؛ Tillering؛ Grain yield؛ Winter wheat

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اصل مقاله

			Research on Crop Ecophysiology                                  Vol.12/2, Issue 2 (2017), Pages: 108 -  114
	Original Research

 

 

 

The Effects of Different Application Times of Broadleaf Herbicides on Winter Wheat

 

Sayed Komeil Sayed Shourbalal^*1 And Lida Hashemi²

1-PhD Student of agronomy, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

2-PhD Student of genetic and Breeding, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

 

* Corresponding author email: [e-mail]

 

               Received:                                                                                   Accepted:

 

ABSTRACT

To Investigate the effects of different application times of broadleaf herbicides on winterwheat, a study was carried out (2015-16) in research farm of Islamic Azad University- Arak Branch as split plot experiment in randomized complete blocks design with twelve treatments and three replications. Main treatments were 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), no herbicide, tribenuron-methyl, 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + tribenuron-methyl and subplots were time of using herbicides at initial establishment, tillering and start of stem elongation. Studied traits were the number of grains per spike (NGS), number of leaves per plant (NLP), spike’s dry weight (SDW), total dry weight (TDW) and grain yield (GY). According to the results, the highest GY (5.52 t ha⁻¹) was obtained from 2,4-D at start of stem elongation whereas the treatment of no herbicide at initial establishment had the lowest yield (4.12 t ha⁻¹). Also, the highest NGS (52.67) was produced by using of 2,4-D application at start of stem elongation which was not different from application 2,4-D at two other times. The lowest NGS (41) was belonging to no herbicide treatment.

Keywords: 2,4-D, Tribenuron methyl, Tillering, Grain yield, Winter wheat

 

Introduction

Wheat (Triticun aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereals which are cultivated in wide range of climates, soils, and elevations (Bus huk, 1998). Farmers spend a lot of money to control weeds because of problems such as competition for resources which prevents plant’s access to resources and then reduces production and increases costs. Losses from weeds reach to about 70- 80%. Hence, weed control is recognized as an essential step in all crop production systems (Zimdal, 1999). The amount of farmers’ financial loss shows the importance of this subject (Kropff and Spitterst, 1991). Chemical control has been used for centuries to control or eliminate weeds, and despite some environmental problems caused by the use of these compounds are still considered as one of the important part of integrated management.

Due to low diversity of registered broad leaved herbicides and different herbicides which are used in various regions, introducing new herbicides is very important. Effective methods for delaying herbicide resistance are rotating common herbicide and mixed herbicides with different effect mechanisms. Although acetolactate synthase (ALS) herbicides are very efficient for controlling weeds, but unfortunately resistance to these herbicides occurs faster than other groups (Beckie, 2007). The most frequent broadleaf herbicides in recent years are tribenuron methyl, 2-4-D and bromoxynil. Considering the efficiency of tribenuron-methyl and farmers desire for this herbicide, it will replace two other herbicides. Sulfonylurea is a class of herbicides which are used to control broadleaf weeds and grasses. Tribenuron-methyl is from this chemical group. The most important specific of this herbicide is its high bio-activity and as a result, it is consumed at very low levels with a wide range of action. The use of these herbicides in various crops varies from 2 to 75 grams of active ingredient per hectare. These values are 25 times lower than other common herbicides (Russell et al., 2002).

Auxin-like herbicides are the first selective organic herbicides which made a revolution in modern agriculture. 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) are from this group. Selective control of broadleaf weeds in cereal crops has made these herbicides the most important herbicides (Kraehmere et al., 2014). In this study, the effect of various application times of tribenuron methyl, 2,4-D and mixture of them was evaluated on agronomical properties and yield of winter wheat. The goal of study was realizing the best application time of the best herbicides with minimal damage to crop.

 

Materials and methods

The study was carried out in research farm of Islamic Azad University-Arak Branch (49°45’E, 34°05’N, 1708m) in 2015-16. Region has a semi-arid climate according to De Martonne classification with average precipitation and temperature of 320.2mm and 13.8°C. The experiment was conducted as split plots in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Main treatments were application of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), no herbicide, tribenuron-methyl, 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) + tribenuron-methyl and subplot treatments were time of using herbicides at initial establishment, tillering and start of stem elongation. Farm which was fallow wed in the year before the experiment was prepared using plough and Rau cyclotiller. According to soil analysis results, soil texture was sandy loam with 19% clay,24% silt, 57% sand, pH=7.0, EC=3.4ds, and 0.91% organic matter. Experimental plots were 6×2.2m. Seeds of Alvand cultivar (pedigree 1-27-6275/CF1770) were cultivated manually at 9-11-2015. Herbicides properties are presented in Table1.

The first irrigation was done right after cultivation. The other irrigations were carried out according to plant requirements and precipitation amount, mostly by 7 to 10 days’ intervals. Weeds were controlled using back sprayer. First and last rows plus 0.5 meter of each line were considered as margins. The number of grains per spike (NGS), number of leaves per plant (NLP), spike’s dry weight (SDW), total dry weight (TDW) and grain yield (GY) were measured at harvest. To measure NLP and NGS, ten plants were harvested randomly. To measure SDW, 20 spikes were selected randomly using a 1-meter quadrat frame, and dried by oven (75°C) for 72 hours. TDW consists of leaves and stem dry weights. GY of each plot was weighed and reported as tons per hectare. Obtained data were analyzed using MSTAT-C program and means were compared using Duncan’s multiple ranges test at 5% probability level. Graphs were drawn using Excel program.

 

Results and discussion

Number of grains per spike

 Spray time had significant effect (p<0.05) on grain number at physiological maturing (Table2). Mean comparison results showed that the highest NGS was belong to 2,4-D at start of stem elongation (52.67) whereas no herbicide treatment had the lowest NGS (41) (table4). Martin et al. (1990) observed that application of Dicamba + 2,4-D in three leaves, tillering and mid-pregnancy stages reduced wheat yield by 21%. Application of 2,4-D and Bromoxynil in three leaves, formation of fourth inter-node and flowering stages reduced efficiency of crop whereas using them at tillering and dough stages didn’t affect grain yield (Montazeri and KhabazSaberi, 1993). Herbicide type and interaction of herbicide and spraying time didn’t affect NGS at maturity (Table2).

Table 1.  herbicides properties

General Name	Brand  Name	Chemica Group	Action Type	Crops	Application Time	Application Amount (Per Hectare)	Formulation	Ld50 (mg/kg)
tribenuron methyl	Granstar	sulfonyl urea	Acetolactate synthase (ALS)	wheat	spikely to late tilleing (wheat)	20g	75%df	5000
2,4-D	U-46 Difluid	phenoxies	synthetic auxins	wheat, barley, rice, corn	5-7 leaves tillering to stem elongation	2lit	72%sl	369-764

 

Table 2. variance analysis results of studied traits

S.O.V	df	Mean of Squares
		Number of seeds per spike	Number of leaves	Spike dry weight	Total dry weight	Yeild
Replication	2	738.361ns	35.361*	0.581ns	1.497ns	8.668ns
Herbicide	3	142.843ns	4.296ns	0.322ns	13.917ns	0.942ns
Error A	6	493.620	6.769	0.278	3.618	7.359
Spraying Time	2	12.028*	1.028ns	0.336ns	17.340*	0.794**
Herbicide*Spraying  Time	6	0.731ns	2.657ns	0.457ns	7.27ns	0.021ns
Error B	16	2.097	1.625	0.875	3.471	0.054
C.V. (%)		3.08	17.65	28.53	16.57	4.93

 

 

Number of leaves per plant

 According to the results, herbicide type and application time didn’t affect NLP significantly (Table2). Mean comparison results showed that the highest NLP (8.66) was belonging to 2,4-D + tribenuron-methyl application at start of stem elongation (Table4). Competition of weeds with crops prevents the formation and growth of yield components. Knowing the most sensitive component which is affected by competition, can lead to recognition of sensitive stages of plant growth and therefore determining the best time for controlling weeds (Varshney et al., 2012).

Spike dry weight

 Appropriate timing for using herbicides is to maximize weeds elimination and minimize negative effect on crops. The most important reason is the change in the physiology of crops which occurs at the time of transition from vegetative phase to reproductive phase. At this time plants are more sensitivity to herbicides which can lead to yield reduction (Nice et al., 2003). According to the results, herbicide type and application time didn’t affect this trait (Table2). This shows that spraying at initial establishment, tillering and start of stem elongation didn’t have negative effects on SDW. Using herbicide at inappropriate time causes stress in plant and reduces its tolerance. Thus, timely use of herbicide controls weeds, doesn’t damage crops and also prevents waste of money and environmental pollution (Rodenburg and Johnson, 2009).

Table 3. Mean comparison results of studied traits

Treatment	number of seeds per spike	Number of leaves	Spike dry weight	Total dry weight	Yeild
H1 2,4-D	51.33a	6.22a	3.05a	10.22b	5.13a
H2 Control treatment	42.11a	7.33a	3.48a	11.24ab	4.37a
H3 Tribenuron-methyl	45.67a	7.78a	3.37a	12.99a	4.56a
H4 Mix 2,4-D + Tribenuron-methyl	48.78a	7.56a	3.22a	10.52b	4.70a
T1 primary deployment	46b	7.50a	3.27a	9.85b	4.45c
T2 Tillering	46.92ab	7.25a	3.45a	11.88a	4.67b
T3 Stemming	48a	6.92a	3.12a	11.99a	4.96a

 there is no significant difference between means of each column with at least one similar letter according to Duncan’s test p<0.05)

Table 4. Mean comparison results of studied traits under interaction effect of treatments

Herbicide	Spraying time	number of seeds per spike	Number of leaves	Spike dry weight	Total dry weight	Yeild
2,4-D	Primary deployment	50.33ab	6a	2.57a	10.30c	4.80bcd
2,4-D	Tillering	51ab	5.67a	3.43a	9.28c	5.08b
2,4-D	Stemming	52.67a	7a	3.14a	10.62c	5.52a
Control treatment	primary deployment	41g	8a	3.97a	9.63c	4.12f
Control treatment	Tillering	41.67fg	7.33a	3.28a	12.20bc	4.34ef
Control treatment	Stemming	43.67ef	6.67a	3.19a	11.87bc	4.67cde
Tribenuron-methyl	primary deployment	45e	8a	3.11a	9.52c	4.39ef
Tribenuron-methyl	Tillering	46de	7.33a	3.78a	13.87ab	4.57cde
Tribenuron-methyl	Stemming	46de	8a	3.22a	15.59a	4.72b-e
Mix 2,4-D + Tribenuron-methyl	primary deployment	47.67cd	8a	3.41a	9.97c	4.48def
Mix 2,4-D + Tribenuron-methyl	Tillering	49bc	8.66a	3.23a	11.72bc	4.69b-e
Mix 2,4-D + Tribenuron-methyl	Stemming	49.67bc	6a	2.92a	5a	4.94bc

there is no significant difference between means of each column with at least one similar letter according to Duncan’s test (p<0.05)

Total dry matter

 Variance analysis results showed that herbicide type and interaction of herbicide and spraying time didn’t affect TDW at maturity (Table 2). Spray time significantly affected TDW at maturity (Table 2). The highest dry weights were belonged to elongation and tillering (11.99g and 11.88g, respectively. Table 3). Considering the time of yield and yield components formation, using herbicides in terminal developmental stages is only waste of money and has little efficiency (Auskalins and Kadrys, 2006). Mean comparison results showed that the highest TDW was obtained from application of Tribenuron-methyl at start of stem elongation (15.59g) and Tribenuron-methyl at tillering stage (13.78g) (Table4). Tavassoli et al. (2009) observed that using Tribenuron-methyl at tillering didn’t have negative effects on winter wheat and concluded this time is the best spraing time. According to Baghestani et al., 2007 herbicede application flowering, reduced grain number slightly, but at maturity, wheat was not damaged considerably which is in agreement with current study.

Grain yield

 Variance analysis results (Table2) showed that spraing time affected GY at maturity (p<0.05). Mean comparison results showed that the highest GY (5.52 t ha⁻¹) was obtained from application of 2,4-D at start of stem elongation. This indicates that appropriate time and type of herbicide application reduces the competition between weed and crop. The lowest GY (4.12 t ha⁻¹) was belong to no herbicide treatment at initial establishment (Table4). Results of Wicks et al. (2003) showed that application of 2,4-D at 2 and 4 leaves stages reduced wheat yield by 20%, and combine application of 2,4-D + Banvel49% EC eliminated wide range of broadleaf weeds before damaging main crop (wheat). Other studies had similar results (Norsworthy and Fredrick, 2005; Tanji and Regher, 1988). In this study, GY was not affected by herbicide type and interaction of herbicide and spray time (Table2).

 

 

Figure. Grain yield of autumn wheat (t ha⁻¹)

 

Conclusion

Field studies showed that application of herbicides at inappropriate times caused stress in crop and reduced the yield. Therefore, timely application of herbicides controls weeds without any reduction in crop yield and also prevents waste of money and environment pollution. Results of this study showed that the best combination of herbicide and spray time for maximizing GY was 2,4-D at start of stem elongation (5.52 t ha⁻¹). According to the results, the highest NGS was obtained by application 2,4-D at start of stem elongation (52.67), 2,4-D at tillering and 2,4-D at initial establishment. Spraying at initial establishment, tillering and start of stem elongation didn’t have negative effects on SDW.

 

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