مقایسه دو نظریه حکمروایی شهری و تاب‌آوری نهادی در نظام مدیریت شهری با روش تحلیل محتوا و ارائه مدل ارتقا یافته (نمونه موردی:شهر قزوین)

مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی

مقاله 10، دوره 15، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 50، فروردین 1399، صفحه 133-150   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

داریوش اردلان¹؛ زهره داودپور^{* 2}؛ کرامت اله زیاری³

¹دانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران

²دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران

³استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

چکیده

چالش­های موجود در نظام مدیریت شهری سبب ارائه نظریه­های مختلف در این زمینه گردیده ، که هر یک از آن‌ها سعی دارند با در نظر گرفتن یک سری از متغیرها و معیارها الگوی مناسبی را پیشنهاد دهند. از آن جمله می­توان به دو نظریه حکمروایی شهری و تاب‌آوری شهری اشاره نمود. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی متغیرها و معیارهای مؤثر در این دو نظریه و مقایسه آن‌ها با یکدیگر به­منظور درک بهتر موضوع و ارائه الگویی کارآمد­تر در زمینه مدیریت شهری در مواجه با بحران­ها در شهر قزوین است. در اینتحقیق ازروشتحلیل محتوا استفاده‌شده، تا از ترکیب تحقیقات اخیر در رابطه با تاب­آوری و حکمروایی به‌عنوان واحد تحلیل، و با بهره­گیری از تفاوت‌های موجود در آن‌ها، شناختبیشتری حاصل شود و تصویری جامع و شفاف از موضوع به دست آید. بر اساس یافته­های پژوهش حاضر، معیارها و متغیرهای اشاره‌شده در موضوع تاب‌آوری بسیار جامع‌تر به موضوع مدیریت شهری پرداخته­اند. ازاین‌رو با تلفیق نتایج حاصل از این دو نظریه و بررسی ساختار کنونی ستاد مدیریت بحران شهر قزوین الگویی پیشنهاد گردیده، که در مقابله با بحران‌ها آماده‌تر و توانمندتر باشد. به‌این‌ترتیب در مدل پیشنهادی 10 متغیر مردم، سازمان‌های مردم­نهاد، ضوابط و قوانین، حکومت­­ محلی، حکومت ­فرامحلی، زیرساخت ­شهری، پایگاه امدادی، بانک ­اطلاعات، سیستم هشدار و بخش خصوصی در قالب 14 کارگروه دسته‌بندی‌شده‌اند. این کارگروه‌های باید بر اساس شاخص‌های مشترک به‌دست‌آمده از تاب‌آوری و حکمروایی به مدیریت و هدایت متغیرهای تأثیرگذار در هریک بپردازند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

مدیریت شهری؛ تاب‌آوری نهادی؛ حکمروایی شهری؛ مدیریت بحران؛ قزوین

مراجع

Adinevand, A., Hajizade, M., & Ghadami, M. (2013). Study of municipal performance in the framework of good urban governance, Case study: Babolsar city. City Management, 11, 41-64. (in persian)

Afshar, S., Athari, K., Kazemian, G., & Mahdizadeh, J. (2007). Urban governance, theoretical foundations of its formation in Iran, Urban Query, 19, 8-17. (in persian)

Akbari, Sh., & Babadi, M. H. (2015). Developing a sustainable model for sustainable development of local communities in the management of the natural disaster. Paper presented at second national conference on new horizons in empowering and sustainable development of tourism architecture and urban and rural environment (Iran), Hamedan (pp. 1-11) Shahid Mofteh College. (in persian)

Alizadeh, H., & Heydarian, A. (2015). Sustainable urban integrated approach to urban change. Paper presented at the international conference on new achievements in civil engineering, architecture and urbanism (Iran), Tehran (pp. 1-9) Nikan Higher Education Institute. (in persian)

Asadi, I. (2004). The regionalization strategy of the metropolitan areas, Urban and Rural Management, 17, 32-45. (in persian)

Atkinson, R. (1998). The new urban governance and urban regeneration: managing community participation. Paper presented at cities in the XXIst century: cities and metropolis: Breaking or Bridging? (France( La Rochelle, organised by the French Ministry of public works.

Barakpour, N., & Asadi, I. (2011). Urban Management and Management. Art university press, second edition. (in persian)

Barzegari, Sh. K. M. R., & Ahmadmohazam, A. (2014). Study of vulnerability of urban environments against fire based on resilient city approach. Paper presented at fifth international conference on integrated management of natural disasters (Iran) Tehran (pp. 1-13) Permanent secretariat of the comprehensive crisis management conference. (in persian)

Batica, J., & Gourbesville, Ph. (2016). Resilience in flood risk management - a new communication tool. Procedia Engineering, 154: 811 – 817.

Beall, J. (1996). Urban governance: why gender matters. In UNDP gender in development monograph series, No. 1, New York: United Nations development programme, Retrieved 2019, Dec.17 from https://www.gdrc.org/u-gov/doc-whygendermatters.html

Behtash, M. R. F., Keynezhad, M. A., Pirbabaey, M. T., & Aghababaey, M. T. (2014). Improvement of resilience of Tabriz metropolis with implementation of incident management and command system model. Paper presented at fifth international conference on integrated management of natural disasters (Iran), Tehran, Permanent secretariat of the comprehensive crisis management conference. (in persian)

Bodoque, J.M., Amerigo, M., Herrero, A.D., Garcia, J.A., Cortes, B., Canovas, J. A. B., & Olcina, J. (2016). Improvement of resilience of urban areas by integrating social perception in flash-flood risk management. Hydrology, 541,665-676.

Chenari, Sh., & Poshtrodi, H. D., (2016). Urban resilience and professional ethics in Iran. Paper presented at international conference on management and dynamic economics (Malaysia), Penang University, USM (pp. 1-8), Iran new educational development center. (in persian)

City and municipality laws and regulations (2016). The national system of laws and regulations of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Retrieved 2020, June.17 from http://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/83412. (in persian)

Crowe, P.R., Foley, K., & Collier, M. (2016). Operationalizing urban resilience through a framework for adaptive co-management and design: Five experiments in urban planning practice and policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 62: 112-119.

Díaz, P., Sanek, P., Farntzeshaki, N., & Yeh, D. H., (2016). Shifting paradigms, changing waters: Transitioning to integratedurban water management in the coastal city of Dunedin, USA. Sustainable Cities and Society, 26: 555-567.

Ebrahimzadeh, I., & Asadian, M. (2013). Analysis and evaluation of good urban governance realiability in Iran; case study: Kashmar city. Geographic and Urban Concourse, 3:17-30. (in persian)

Esmaelzadeh, H., & sarafi, M. (2006). Good governance: Good planning for the metro project in Tehran, Space, 10:1-28. (in persian)

Executive Code of the Law Establishing an Organization for the Management of the Country (2007). Islamic consultative research center, Tehran, Retrieved 2020, June.17 from http://rc.majlis.ir . (in persian)

Farkhani, Z. N., & Taheri, A. (2015). The role of urban management in the realization of resilient city. Paper presented at 7th national conference on urban planning and management (Iran), Mashhad (pp. 1-12) Mashhad islamic council, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad municipality and research center of the islamic council of Mashhad. (in persian)

Fatahian, S. A. (2016). Strategies to promote seismic crisis management in the 20th district of Tehran. Crisis Prevention and Management, 6: 71-77. (in persian)

Gholami, F., Gholami, M., & Zamani, B. (2015). Evaluation of the resilience of Tehran's four-way telephony with the hierarchical analysis method. Paper presented at the International conference on research in science and technology (Malaysia), Kualalumpur (pp. 1-18) Karin Conference institute. (in persian)

Gimenez, R., Hernantes, J., & Labaka, L. (2016). A maturity model for the involvement of stakeholders in the city resilience building process. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 121: 7-16.

Greeshma, P., & Kumar, K. M. (2016). Disaster Resilience in Vulnerable cities through Neighborhood development: a case of Chennai. Procedia Technology, 24:1827-1834.

Ho, C. H., Chen, J. L., Nobuyuki, Y, Lur, H. S., & Lu, H. J. (2016).  Mitigating uncertainty and enhancing resilience to climate change in the fisheries sector in Taiwan: Policy implications for food security. Ocean & Coastal Management,130, 355-372.

Hung, H. Ch. (2016). Building resilience: mainstreaming community participation into integrated assessment of resilience to climatic hazards in metropolitan land use management. Land use Policy, 50: 48-58.

Jafari, M. (2015). Challenges for disaster risk reduction and resilience. Paper presented at the sixth international conference on the integrated management of natural disasters (Iran), Mashhad (pp. 1-8) Permanent secretariat of the international conference on comprehensive crisis management. (in persian)

Kahani, M. M., Ghazi, I., & Nezhadakbari, Z. (2015). Resilience and flexibility of cities against natural disasters in Iran. Paper presented at 3.th international congress on civil engineering and architecture urban development (Iran), Tehran (pp. 1-11) Shahid Beheshti University. (in persian)

Kajori, M. K., & bigdeli, M. (2014). A comparative study of urban development laws and programs with good governing principles, case Study: Tehran urban development plans. Urban Studies,3: 39-51. (in persian)

Karaos, A. M. (1997). Existing and alternative models of urban governance, UMP- Asia occasional papers, Retrieved 2019, Feb.18 from www.Findarticles.com.

Kazemi, D., & Andalib, A. (2015). Developing a framework for modeling the city's resilience against crisis. Paper presented at 1st international conference on human, architecture, civil Engineering and City (Iran), Tabriz (pp. 1-13) Center for strategic studies in architecture and urban planning. (in persian)

Kazemian, G (2007). Income on urban governance. Urban query; 19-20: 5-16. (in persian)

khanzadeh, H. E. (2012). Governance and Administration of City Affairs in the Age of Globalization. First volume,Tehran: Tisa Publications. (in persian)

Li, Y. (2016). Threshold and resilience management of coupled urbanization and water environmental system in the rapidly changing coastal region. Environmental Pollution, 208 :87-95.

Mc Laughlin, B. (1973). Control and Urban Planning, London. Faber and Faber.

Mckinlay, P. (1999). Globalization, subsidiarity and enabling the governance of our communities. Retrieved 2019, Feb.18 from www.mdl.co.nz .

Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning,  147: 38-49.

Meshkini, A., Pourmosavi, M., & Moazen, S. (2013). Assessment of neighborhood management pattern based on desirable urban governance indicators; Case study: Evin district of Tehran. Urban Studies, 2: 32-44. (in persian)

Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (1987). Qazvin comprehensive plan; Sharmand Consulting Engineers. (in persian)

Movahed, A., Kafroudi, S. G., Kamanroudi, M., & Sasanpour, F. (2014). Investigating the development of urban neighborhoods with an emphasis on good urban governance, case study: district 19 of Tehran municipality.  Urban Planning ; 7: 147-180. (in persian)

Municipality of Qazvin (2018). Geographic Map; 12saterday, www.qazvin.ir/geographical-area . (in persian)

Naraghi, H., & Gamini, H. (2014). Public participation, resilience of local communities. Paper presented at fifth international conference on integrated management of natural disasters (Iran) Tehran, Permanent secretariat of the comprehensive crisis management conference. (in persian)

Organizational Structure of Qazvin Municipality (2017). Organization of municipalities and Villages, Tehran, Renovation office, Administrative Transformation and Information Technology (in persian)

Pasman, H., & Kirillov, I. (2007). Resilience of Cities to Terrorist and Other Threats. Springer, Dordrecht.

Pi yer, J., & Gai, P. (2007). Types of theoretical approaches to governance. Translated by Mohammad Taghizadeh Motlagh, Urban Query; 19-20: 48-55.

Poursamakoush, J. M., Lesboey, M. R. Z., Entezari, A., & Zolfaghari, A. A. (2015). Rural management performance in aligning rural settlements against natural disasters from the viewpoint of villagers. Paper presented at second international conference on sustainable development, solutions and challenges focusing on agriculture, natural Rresources, environment and tourism (Iran), Tabriz (pp. 1-9) Permanent secretariat of the international conference on sustainable development, strategies and challenges. (in persian)

Poursharifi, J., & Ghalenoei, M.(2014). Resilience city is a positive approach in reducing the vulnerability of cities to natural and man-made hazards. Paper presented at the National Conference on Modern Theories in Architecture and Urban Planning (Iran), Qazvin (pp. 1-12) Islamic Azad University. (in persian)

Rafieian, M., Matof, Sh., & Naghshizadian, S. (2011). Resilient community component measures in the urban crisis management process. Sofe, 55:111-124. (in persian)

Rahnamaei, M., & Keshavarz, M. (2010). A study of the good governing pattern and the structure of the government in the management and administration of city affairs in Iran. Geography Quarterly and Regional Planning, 1: 23-55. (in persian)

Ramezani, N., & Dehkordi, A. E. (2013) Sustainable urban development involves promoting community resilience. Paper presented at first international conference and 4th national conference on urban development (Iran), Sanandaj, (pp. 1-10), Islamic Azad University. (in persian)

Sanchez, A. X., Osmond, P., & Heijden, J. V. (2017). are some forms of resilience more sustainable than others. Procedia Engineering, 180, 881 – 889.

Saraey, M., & Manafi, S. (2016). Integrated crisis management with emphasis on the safety of vital arteries in Tehran; , Crisis Prevention and Management, 6:120-132 . (in persian)

Sarafi, M., & Toranian, F. (2004) A review of the theoretical views of metropolitan management, with an emphasis on institutional aspects. Urban Management; 17:6-17. (in persian)

Sarafi, M. (2008). Organizing informal settlements of the country in the light of good urban governance. Seventh City; 23: 3-14. (in persian)

Shahabi, M., jelodar, H. R., & Araey, P. A. (2015). Compilation of the resiliency pattern of the context of the old texture. Paper presented at the second scientific conference on modern horizons in geography (Iran), Tehran (pp.1-9) Association for the development and promotion of fundamental science and technology. (in persian)

Shamaei, A., Adinevand, A., & Hajizadeh, M. (2012). Evaluation of municipal performance based on good urban governance, case study city of Pashoz. Urban Management Studies; 11: 1-20. (in persian)

Shaw, R., Rahman, A. U., Surjan. A., & Parvin, A. G., (2016). Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia. Batterworth: Heinemann.

Shokouhi, M., & Istagaldi, M.(2013). Analytical review of good governance factors, case study: turkmen port city. Geographical Studies in Arid Regions, 14: 31-49. (in persian)

Soheilipour, M. S., & Montazerolhojah, M. (2011). Resilient city an approach based on urban vulnerability reduction. Paper presented at national conference on crisis management (Iran), Tehran (pp. 1-7), Crisis management organization. (in persian)

Spaans, M., & Waterhout, B. (2016). Building up resilience in cities worldwide – Rotterdam as participant in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme. Cities, 61: 109-116.

Srinivas, H. (1996). Urban environmental governance. Retrieved 2015, Aug.10 from www.soc.titech.ac.jp .

Srivastava, N., & Shaw, R. (2016). Enhancing City Resilience through Urban-Rural Linkages. Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia, Retrieved 2019, Feb.18 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802169-9.00008-2

Tavana, M., & Neyestani, M. S. (2016). Assessment of resilience in urban factor. Paper presented at first national symposium on key issues in civil engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning in Iran (Iran), Gorgan, Farhangian University (pp. 1-11) Education and Research Department of Barogostar Pars Engineering Company in cooperation with Farhangian University of Golestan. (in persian)

Tyler, S.,  Nugraha,  E., Nguyen, H. K., Nguyen, N. V., Sari, A. D., Thinpanga, P., Tran, T. T., & Verma, S. S., (2016). Indicators of urban climate resilience: A contextual approach. Environmental science & policy,66: 420-426.

UN (2000). Governance, participation and partnerships. Retrieved 2017, Mar.18 from un.org

UNISDR (2005). Hyogo framework for action 2005–2015: building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters In extract fromthe final report of the world conference on disaster reduction, Retrieved 2020, Jan.17 from https://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf

Van Dijk, M.P. (2006). Managing Cities in Developing Countries: the Theory and Practice of Urban Management, Edward Elgar Publishing

Vazifeshenas, R., & Baher, I. Sh. (2015). Investigation of the system, principles and criteria of resilience of spatial and physical structure of cities. Paper presented at 1st international conference on human, architecture, civil Engineering and City (Iran), Tabriz (pp. 1-7) Center for strategic studies in architecture and urban planning. (in persian)