Environmental tranquility: A conceptual framework and urban ‎architectural features

Space Ontology International Journal

مقاله 1، دوره 9، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 34، آذر 2020، صفحه 1-14   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

نویسندگان

Farnoosh Minooei¹؛ Manouchehr Foroutan^{* 1}؛ Mohammad Mehdi Soroush¹؛ Azadeh Aghalatifi²

¹Department of Architecture, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.

²Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده

Stressful life and reduced well-being have always been an issue of lifestyle in modern society. Constructing a multidisciplinary conceptual framework of environmental tranquility and quality of life is required for the field of architectural development, improved environmental quality, and enhanced human well-being. This paper reviews the main concepts of tranquility, environmental quality, and quality of life and presents examples of the relevant underlying conceptual models. Environmental tranquility has been researched quite broadly and therefore defined in a variety of ways. In this study, various definitions of the concept are reviewed and synthesized into a descriptive model based on the relationship among human needs, environment, and tranquility, depending on environmental, architectural, and urban features. The present study adheres to a qualitative exploratory design and uses content analysis based on an interpretive paradigm. For data collection, we employed a documentary and library method together with an argumentative approach to deepen the understanding of the issue and provide a descriptive model of environmental tranquility based on the theoretical grounds of tranquility in the fields of environmental psychology, social sciences, applied acoustics and landscape, and urban planning. The framework organizes the related concepts of environmental tranquility‎ in relation to human needs in terms of spiritual, psychological, social, and physical environment features. Finally, the model of environmental tranquility is presented according to the authors' perception of previous models. In our suggested model, all environment types have reciprocal relationship with tranquility, and the highest type of tranquility is considered the Reassured Soul and Genius Loci‎ that is more permanent and effective. Besides, the model depicts a multidimensional and conceptual definition of tranquility in relation to environment, human, and architectural-urban features. This study may offer helpful insights to stimulate new research, investigate multidimensionality, create operational definitions for quantitative studies, and guide semi-structured interviews for qualitative interdisciplinary studies.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Environmental tranquility؛ Human needs؛ Architectural ‎features؛ Urban ‎features؛ Three-factor theory of emotions

مراجع

Ahmadi, A. (1995), Personality psychology from an Islamic perspective: Amirkabir Press, Tehran

Ahadnejhad, M., Yarigholi, V., Norozi, M. (2016). Spatial Analysis of The Indexes of Life Quality Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Making Approach (A Case Study of Abhar Municipal Regions). Space Ontology International Journal, 5(2), 11-21.

Altman, I. (1975), the Environment and Social Behaviour. Monterey California: Brooks/Cole

Altman. I., Low. S. (1992).Human behavior and environments: Advances in theory and research. V. 12, Place attachment, Plenum Press, New York.

Baker, K. (2014). Sense of Place: Understanding Architectural and Landscape Design through a Layering of Visual Representations. Journal of Learning Design, 7(1), 74-83.

Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19, 1207-1212.

Berto, R. (2005). Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 249-259.

Berto, R. (2014). The role of nature in coping with psycho-physiological stress: A literature review on restorativeness. Behavioural Sciences, 4(4), 394–409.

Boostrom, R. (1998). “Safe spaces”: Reflections on an educational metaphor. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 30, 397-408.

Bradley M. M., Lang J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatr,25(1):49–59.

Bradley Don, E., (1995). Religious involvement and social resources: evidence from the dataset ‘Americans’ changing lives. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 34, 259–267.

Braun, V., & Clark, C. (2008). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Calvert, G. A., Stein, B. E., & Spence, C. (2004). The handbook of multisensory processing. Cambridge, UK, MA: MIT.

Canin, L. H. (1992). Psychological restoration among AIDS caregivers: Maintaining self-care (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Michigan: Ann Arbor.

Ching, F. D. K. (2007). Architecture: Form, space, & order. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons.

Chung A, Rimal RN.(2016). Social norms: a review. Rev Commun Res. (4):1–28.

Cheung, C., (1997). Toward a theoretically based measurement model of the good life. J. Gen. Psychol, 158 (2), 200–215.

Cimprich, B. (1993). Development of an intervention to restore attention in cancer patients. Cancer Nursing, 16(2), 83-92.

Cimprich, B. (1999). Pre-treatment symptom distress in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Cancer Nursing, 22, 185-194.

Cohn, Robert L. (1981). The Shape of Sacred Space: Four Biblical Studies. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press.

Defra. (2000). Rural white paper. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Ellison, Christopher G., Burdette, Amy M., & Hill, Terrence D. (2009). Blessed assurance: Religion, anxiety, and tranquility among US adults. Social Science Research journal 38, 656–667.

Felsten, G. (2009). Where to take a study break on the college campus: An attention restoration theory perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29, 160-167.

Givoni, B, M. (1969). Climate and Architecture. London, New York: Elsevier Publishing Company Limited

Grahn P. &, Stigsdotter U. A. (2003). Landscape planning and stress. Urban Forest Urban Greening, 2, 001–18.

Gallie,W. B (1956) “Essentially Contested Concept” in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. London: Blackwell Publishing.

Hades, R., Cook E. W., & Lang P. J. (1985) Individual differences in autonomic response: conditioned association or conditioned fear? Psychophysiology, 22, 545–60.

Haggerty, M. R. (1999). Testing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: National quality-of-life across time. Social Indicators Research, 46, ‎‎249-271.‎

Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S., & Garling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 109-123.

Hartig, T., Mang, M., & Evans, G. W. (1991). Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environment and Behavior, 23, 3-26.

Herzog, T. R., & Barnes, G. J. (1999). Tranquility and preference revisited. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 171-181.

Herzog, T. R., & Bosley, P. J. (1992). Tranquility and preference as affective qualities of natural environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12, 115-127.

Herzog, T. R., Gray, L. E., Dunville, Amy M., Hicks, A. M., & Gilson, A. (2011). Preference and ‎Tranquility for Houses of Worship. Environment and Behavior 45(4), 504 –525 ‎

Hewlett, D., Harding, L., Munro, T., Terradillos, A., Wilkinson, K. (2017). Broadly engaging with tranquility in protected landscapes: A matter of perspective identified in GIS. Landscape and Urban Planning 158, 185–201

Hunter, M. D., Eickhoff, S. B., Pheasant, R. J., Douglas, M. J., Watts, G. R., Farrow, T. F. D., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2010). The state of tranquility: Subjective perception is shaped by contextual modulation of auditory connectivity. Neuroimage, 53(2), 611-618.

Janik, A. (1991) Cordelias tystnad: om reflektionens kunskapsteori (Cordelia’s silence: reflection on the epistemology), Stockholm: Carlssons.

Kaplan, S., & Kaplan, R. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Kaplan, R. (2001). The nature of the view from home: Psychological benefits. Environment and Behavior, 33, 507-542.

Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182.

Kaplan, S. (2001). Meditation, restoration, and the management of mental fatigue. Environment and Behavior, 33, 480-506.

Koenig, Harold G., George, Linda K., & Siegler, Ilene C. (1988). The use of religion and other emotion-regulating coping strategies among older adults. The Gerontologist, 28, 303–310.

Koenig, Harold G., McCullough, Michael, Larson, David B. (2001). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press, New York.

Kuo, F. E. (2001). Coping with poverty: Impacts of environment and attention in the inner city. Environment and Behavior, 33, 5-34.

Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 33, 343-367.

Kronenburg, R. (2007). Flexible, architecture that responds to change. London: Laurence King Publishing.

Jackle, J. A. (1987). The Visual Elements of Landscape Design. The University of Massachusetts Press. Amherst, pp.200.

Lam, K. C., Marafa, L., & Chau, K. C. (2010). Visitors' response to extraneous noise in countryside recreation areas. Noise Control Engineering Journal, 58(5), 484-492.

Lang, J. T. (1987). Creating Architectural Theory: The Role of the Behavioral Sciences in ‎Environmental Design. Van ‎Nostrand: Reinhold Company.‎

Lansing and Marans, (1969). See Marans en Couper (2000).

Lawrence, Roderick, J. (2002). Healthy Residential Environments, Handbook of Environmental ‎Psychology. In Robert, B.Bechtel, & Azra. Churchman (eds.), John wiley & Sons Inc: USA.p.396

Lechtzin, N., Busse, A. M, Smith, M.T, Grossman, S., Nesbit S, & Diette G. B (2010). A randomized trial of nature scenery and sounds versus urban scenery and sounds to reduce pain in adults undergoing bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. J Altern Complem Med, 16(9), 965–72.

Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods saving our children from nature-deficit disorder updated and expanded. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hills.

Marans, R.W., Couper, M., (2000). Measuring the quality of community life: a program for longitudinal and comparative international research. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Quality of Life in Cities, Singapore.

Haggerty, M. R. (1999). Testing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: National quality-of-life across time. Social Indicators Research, 46, ‎‎249-271.‎

Kasmaii, M. (2008). Climate and architecture. Tehran, Iran: publication of Iran housing investing company.

Marafa, L. M. (2017). Visitor perception of soundscapes in Hong Kong urban parks. International Leisure Review, 1(6), 3-18.

Marafa, L. M., Watts, G. R., & Chan, S. W. (2013). Factors affecting the perceptions of tranquil spaces in Hong Kong. Internoise, Innsbruck: Austria

Marans, R.W., Couper, M., 2000. Measuring the quality ofcommunity life: a program for longitudinal and comparativeinternational research. In: Proceedings of the SecondInternational Conference on Quality of Life in Cities, vol. 2.Singapore.

Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harper

McAndrew, F. T. (1993). Environmental psychology. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.

Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. ‎A .‎(1974)‎. An approach to environmental psychology. ‎Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Mulligan, G.; Carruthers, J. Amenities, (2011). Quality of Life, and Regional Development. In Investigating Quality Urban Life, Theory Methods and Empirical Research; Marans, R., Stimson, R., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 107–134.

Miller, DT, Prentice, DA.(2016). Changing norms to change behavior. Annu Rev Psychol.; 67:339–61.

Moore, J., (2000). Placing home in context. J. Environ. Psychol. 20, 207–217.

Musschenga, A.W. (1997). The relation between concepts of quality-of-life. J. Med. Philo, 22 (1), 11–28.

Nazer Safavi, F., Khastou, M. (2018). Investigating the Effective Factors on the Sense of Place in Relation to Urban Migrations (Case Study: City of Qazvin). Space Ontology International Journal, 7(2), 55-67.

Norberg-Schulz, C. (1980).Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. NY: Rizzoli

Pallasmaa, J. (2005). The Eyes of the Skin. Chichester: John Wiley.

Park, K. and Lee, D. (2016), A Study on the Nature Inspiration Design of Eco-friendly Spatial Buildings, Journal of The Residential Environment Institute of Korea, Vol.13(No.5), pp.1-29

Pearse, J., Watts, G., & Lim, W. Y. (2013). Tranquillity in the city: A preliminary assessment in christchurch. New Zealand Acoustics, 26(3), 5-11.

Pheasant, R. J., Fisher, M. N., Watts, G. R., Whitaker, D. J., & Horoshenkov, K. V. (2010). The importance of auditory-visual interaction in the construction of "tranquil space". Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 501-509.

Pheasant, R., Horoshenkov, K., & Watts, G. R. (2010). Tranquillity rating prediction tool (TRAPT). Acoustics Bulletin, 35(6), 18-24.

Porteous, J. D., (1971). Design with people: the quality of the urban environment. Environ. Behav, 3, 155–177.

Rappaport, J. (2008). Consumption amenities and city population density. Reg. Sci. Urban Econ., 38, 533–552.

Raphael, D., Renwick, R., Brown, I., & Rootman, I. (1996). Quality of life indicators and health: current status and emerging conceptions. Soc. Indicators Res, 39 (1), 65–88.

Russell, J. A., & Snodgrass, J. (1987). Emotion and the environment. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology. (Vol. 1, pp. 245-280). New York, NY: John Wiley.

Russell, J. A., Ward, L. W., & Pratt, G. (1981). Affective quality attributed to environ- ments: A factor analytic study. Environment and Behavior, 13, 259-288.

Russell, J. A., & Lanius, U. F. (1984). Adaptation level and the affective appraisal ofenvironments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 4(2), 119–135

Russell, J. A., & Pratt, G. ‎(1980). ‎ A ‎description of the affective ‎quality attributed to ‎environments. Journal of ‎Personality and Social ‎Psychology, ‎ 38, 311-322. ‎

Rybczynski, 1986; cited by Moore (2000).

RIVM, (2000). De Hollander A.E.M., et al. 5e Nationale Milieu Verkenningen. RIVM, 2000. National Outlook, Summary in English, ISBN: Check.

Raad voor het milieubeheer (RMB) en Raad voor de Ruimtelijke Ordening. Gezamenlijk Advies; Duurzaam en leefbaar: over de onderlinge afstemming van ruimtelijk beleid en milieubeleid. Den Haag: RMB.

Saadati, S. (2019). The Role of House Outdoor Environment Features in Creating Home Attachment. Space Ontology International Journal, 8(4), 1-11.

Scruton, Roger. (1979). The Aesthetics of Architecture. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd,.

Schneider, T., & Till, J. (2005). Flexible housing: opportunities and limits. Architectural Research Quartely, 9(2), 157-166.

Schafer, R. M. (1969). The new soundscape: A handbook for the modern music teacher. Don Mills, ON: BMI Canada.

Shreve-Neiger, Andrea K., Edelstein, & Barry A., (2004). Religion and anxiety: a critical review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 379–397.

Simmins, G. (2008). Sacred Spaces and Sacred Places. Architecture, Vol. 1, p. 108

Smith, M. B. (1978). Psychology and values. Journal of Social Issues, 34, 181-199.‎

Szalai, A. (1980). The meaning of comparative research on the quality of life. In A. Szalai, F. Andrews (Eds.). The Quality of Life. Sage Beverly Hills. CA, 7-24

Takano, T., Nakamura, K., & Watanabe, M. (2002). Urban residential environments and senior citi- zens' longevity in megacity areas: The importance of walkable green spaces. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56, 913-918.

Taylor, A. F., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings. Environment and Behavior, 33, 54-77.

Taylor, A. F., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2002). Views of nature and self-discipline: Evidence from inner-city children. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 49-63.

Tennessen, C. M., & Cimprich, B. (1995). Views to nature: Effects on attention. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 77-85.

Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420-421.

Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230.

Van den Berg, M., Wendel-Vos, W., van Poppela, M., Kempera, H., van Mechelena, W., & Maasa, J. (2015). Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: A systematic review of epide- miological studies. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 14(4), 806-816.

Vazire, S. (2014). Personality. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from ‎http://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/topss/lessons/secure/personality.pdf

Veenhoven, R. (1996). Happy Life-Expectancy A Comprehensive Measure of Quality-of-Life in Nations, Social Indicators Research 39. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1–58.

Watts, G. (2018). Tranquillity trails for urban areas. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 29, 154- 161.

Watts, G., & Marafa, L. (2017). Validation of the tranquillity rating prediction tool (TRAPT): comparative studies in UK and Hong Kong. Noise Mapping, 4, 67-74.

Watts,G. R., Miah, A., & Pheasant, R. J. (2013). Tranquillity and soundscapes in urban green spaces predicted and actual assessments from a questionnaire survey. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 40(1), 170-181.

Watts, G. R., & Pheasant, R. J. (2015). Tranquillity in the Scottish Highlands and Dartmoor National Park – The importance of soundscapes and emotional factors. Applied Acoustics, 89, 297–305

Watts, G. R., & Pheasant, R. J. (2013). Factors affecting tranquillity in the countryside. Applied Acoustics, 74, 1094-1103.

Watts, G. R., Pheasant, R. J., & Horoshenkov, K. V. (2011). Predicting perceived tranquillity in urban parks and open spaces. Environment and Planning B: planning and design, 38, 585-594

Wells, N. M. (2000). At home with nature: Effects of “greenness” on children’s cognitive functioning. Environment and Behavior, 32, 775-795.

Westin, A. E (1967). Privacy and Freedom. New‏ ‏York: Atheneum.‎

WHO-QOL Group. (1993) In A. J. Marsella, L. Levi, & S. Ekblad (Eds.). The Importance of Including Quality-of-Life Indices in International Social and Economic Development Activities, 55-67.

Islamic Encyclopedia: http://wiki.ahlolbait.com