Measuring Socioeconomic Status of Rural Households in Edo State, Nigeria: An Asset-Based Approach

International Journal Of Agricultural Science, Research And Technology In Extension And Education Systems

مقاله 5، دوره 10، شماره 4، اسفند 2020، صفحه 173-183   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

نویسندگان

Eddy Onemolease^{* 1}؛ A.O Akioya²

¹Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

²Department of Agriculture, Igueben Local Government, Edo-State, Nigeria

چکیده

Available data on farmers’ socioeconomic or poverty status have focused on the use of money-metric measure of income and/or expenditure, an approach that has been criticized. An alternative, proposed to assessing households’ welfare has been to use asset indices; unfortunately, there is dearth of such study in Edo state. This study therefore assessed the socioeconomic status (SES) of farming households in Edo state, Nigeriabased on asset formation. Data were collected by means of questionnaire from 394 respondents, randomly selected from the (3) agricultural zones in the state. The data were analyzed using asset index. Using asset indices as a proxy for poverty, the study established that 36.64% of the households had high socioeconomic status (i.e. non-poor), 49.87% were moderately poor while 13.49% were very poor. However, the level of households’ asset formation was constrained by several factors. The study therefore recommended expanding credit allocation to farmers, improving road networks, establishing more agricultural extension contacts with farmers and encouraging the latter to adopt improved farm practices.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Asset formation؛ Poverty؛ Socioeconomic status

مراجع

1. Achen, C.H. & Duncan, S. (1989). Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies. World Politics, 41, 143-169.
2. Akpan, S.B., Edet J.U. & Inimfon, V.P. (2016). Sustaining small scale farming: Evidence of poverty and income disparity among rural farming households in South - South Region of Nigeria. International Electronic Scientific Journal, 7(43),35-48. doi: 10.18551/rjoas.201507.05
3. Alaba, A.O. (2013). The contribution of Infrastructure to Agricultural Department. A Review of Experience and Policy Implication. World Bank Discussion paper No. 213.
4. Amaza, P.S., Umeh, J.C., Helsen, J., & Adejobi, A.O. (2009). Determinants and measurement of food insecurity in Nigeria: some empirical policy guide. International association of Agricultural Economist annual meeting, August, Pp: 12-18.
5. Ani, A.O. (2004). Factors inhibiting agricultural production among rural women in Southern Ebonyi State, Nigeria, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria, P. 93.
6. Antonopolous, R. (2005). Asset ownership along gender lines. Evidence from Thailand. Working paper 418. Annandale - on - Hudson, Ny: The Levy Economics Institutes, Bard College.
7. Balen, J., McManus, D.P., Li, Y., Zhao, Z., Yuan, L. Tzinger, J., Williams, G.M., Li, Y., Ren, M., Liu, Z., Zhou, J., Raso, G. (2010). Comparison of two approaches for measuring household wealth via an asset-based index in rural and peri urban settings of Hunan province, China. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2010 7:7. doi:10.1186/1742-7622-7-7
8. Barbier, E.B. and Hochard, J.P. (2014). Poverty and the spatial distribution of population. (SSRN Scholarly paper no. ID 2522735). Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY.
9. Barrett, C.B., Garg, T. & McBride, L. (2016). Well-being dynamics and poverty traps. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 8 (1), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100815-095235

10. Butler, L.M. and Robert, E.M. (2007). “Principles and process for enhancing sustainable rural livelihoods: collaborative learning in Uganda,” International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 604-617.

11. Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992). “Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century”. IDS – Discussion paper 296. Brighton: IDS.

12. Ellis, F. and Freeman, H.A. (2007). “Livelihoods and rural poverty in Kenya”. Development Policy Review, 22 (2), 147 – 171.

13. FAO (2017). FAOSTAT Website, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics Division.

14. FAO (2017). Roles of Rural Infrastructure in Reducing Poverty Reduction, Economy Growth and Empowerment in Africa. Agriculture production yearbook, Rome, Italy.

15. Ferguson, B., Tandon, A., Gakidou, E., Murray, CJL (2002). Estimating permanent income using indicator variables. World Health Organization, Geneva 2002.

16. Filmer, D. and Prichett, L.H. (2001). Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data – or tears: an application to educational enrollments state of India. Demography, 38, 115 – 132.

17. Food and Agricultural organisation of the United Nations (2017). The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges. Retrieved from http: // www.Fao.org/3/a-16583e pdf Accessed may, 2018.

18. Gwatkin, D.R., Rustein, S., & Johnson, K. (2000). Socio-economic differences in Ethiopia. Health, Nutrition, and Population in Ethiopia. Washington, DC: HNP/Poverty Thematic Group of the World Bank. [http: //www.worldbank.org/poverty/health/data/index.html].

19. Haddad, L., John H. & Alderman, H. (1997). Intra - household resources allocation in developing countries: Models, Methods and Policy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

20. Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Rozenberg, J., M. Bangalore & Beaudet, C. (2020). From Poverty to Disaster and Back: a Review of the Literature. EconDisCliCha 4, 223–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00060-5

21. Halmen, H. and Goran, H. (2011) “African agriculture: from crisis to development.” In: African smallholders: food crops, markets and policy, edited by Goran Djurfeldt, Ernest Aryeetey and Aida C. Isinika, 23-44. Oxfordshire, UK; Cambridge, MA: CABI, 2011.

22. Hassan, R.M. and Babu, S.C. (1996). Measurement and determinants of rural poverty: Household consumption patterns and food poverty in rural Sudan. Food Policy. Vol. 1b, No.6

23. Hassan, O.L. (2010). Ecosystem approach to impact assessment of activities of the oil industry on people of the Niger Delta. Ph.D Thesis, Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, 2010.

24. Hoddinot, J. (1997). Dietary diversity as a food security indicator. Food consumption and nutrition division discussion paper, 136.

25. Houweling, T.A.J., Kunst, A.E. & Mackenbach, J.P. (2003). Measuring health inequality among children in developing countries: does the choice of the indicator of economic status matter? International Journal of Equity in Health 2: 8.

26. IFAD (2015). An empowerment agenda for rural livelihoods. Policy Brief 2, IFAD, Rome.

27. Krantz, L. (2001). The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction: An Introduction. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Division for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis. P6-19. https://www.sida.se/contentassets/bd474c210163447c9a7963d77c64148a/the-sustainable-livelihood-approach-to-poverty-reduction_2656.pdf

28. Meikle, P., Green-Pimentel, L. & Liew, H. (2018): Asset accumulation among low-income rural families: Assessing financial capital as a component of community capitals, Community Development, DOI: 10.1080/15575330.2017.1422529

29. McCullough, E.B., Pingali, L. & Kostas, G. (2008). “Impact of International food safety standards on smallholders: evidence from three cases. In: The transformation of Agric-food system: globalization, supply chains and small holder farmers. Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.

30. Mckay, A. (2009). Assets and chronic poverty: Definitions and significance tests with Application to Cot d’ Ivoire. In: Lipton. M. And Van der Gaqag, J. (eds) Including the poor. The World Bank, Washington, DC.

31. McKenzie D.J. (2004). Measuring inequality with asset indicators. J Popul Econ, 18(2):229-60.

32. Montgomery, M.R., Gragnolati, M., Burke, K.A, & Paredes, E. (2000). Measuring living standards with proxy variables. Demography, 37(2), 1556-1574.

33. Morse, S., N. McNamara and Acholo, M. (2009). Sustainable Livelihood Approach: A critical analysis of theory and practice. Geographical Paper No. 189. University of Reading. P3-5

34. Moser, C. (1998). “The asset vulnerability framework: reassessing urban poverty reduction strategies.” World Development, 26 (1), 1-19.

35. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2016). Annual abstract of Statistics, (NBS), Abuja Nigeria, Pp. 400 – 4001.

36. Omoregbee, FE. And Ajayi, ME. (2009). Assessment of training needs of extension staff of Agricultural development programme (ADP), Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension, 8(2), 97-103

37. Onwujekwe, O. (2006). Some indicators of socioeconomic status may not be reliable and use of indices with these data could worsen equity. Health Econ, 15(6), 639-44.

38. Patel, K., Hom, G., Derek, J. & Karthikeyan, M. (2015). “The interplay between household food security and well-being among small - scale farmers in the context of rapid agrarian change in India”. Agriculture and food security, 4 (16), 1-16.

39. Sahn, D. and Stifel, D. (2003). Exploring alternative measure of welfare in the absence of expenditure data. Review of income and Wealth, 49: 463 – 589.

40. Salami, A., Abdul, B. and Kamara, Z.B. (2010). Smallholder agriculture in East Africa: Trends, constraints and opportunities. Working paper series, Numbers 105, Tunis, Tunisa African Development Bank.

41. Smith, S. (2013). “Determining Sample size: How to Ensure You Get the Correct Sample size / Qualtrics”. Retrieved 15 November 2016.

42. Udoh, E.J., SB. Akpan & Uko, E.F. (2017). Assessment of Sustainable Livelihood Assets of Farming Households in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development; 10(4), 83-96

43. Vyas, S. and Kumaranayake, L. (2006). Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. All rights reserved. doi:10.1093/heapol/czl029  Advance Access publication 9 October 2006

44. World Bank (2015). “World Development Report: Attacking poverty”. World Bank, Washington D.C.

45. World Bank (2018). Nigeria Country Brief, Washington: World Bank. P. 5.