Evaluation of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metal in Raw Materials and Infant Formula Produced in Pegah Dairy Plants, IRAN

Journal of Chemical Health Risks

مقاله 6، دوره 11، شماره 1، خرداد 2021، صفحه 55-62   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jchr.2020.1907145.1166

نویسندگان

Bahram Karimi Dehcheshmeh¹؛ Amir Shakerian^{* 2}؛ Ebrahim Rahimi¹

¹Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran

²Nutrition and Organic Products Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran

چکیده

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and aflatoxin M1 in raw materials and all types of infant formula produced in Pegah Dairy Plants (PDPs) in Shahrekord, Iran. To this aim, 80 samples of raw cow’s milk, whey protein, starch, vitamin and all type of infant formula were collected for 6 months during 2018-2019. Cd and Pb were measured by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) samples and analyzed by ELISA technique. The incidence of contamination of AFM1 in vitamins, raw cow’s milk, whey powder, and baby formula collected from Pegah dairy plants were ND, 34, 23 and 8 ppb, respectively. The result indicated that none of aflatoxin M1 in infant formula samples exceeded FDA lead consumption guidelines. In addition, maximum mean lead in maltodextrin, starch, vitamin, raw cow’s milk, whey powder, baby oil, infant formula, immediate, whole and skim was 20, 23, ND, 49, 20, 21, 17, 17, 12, and 17 ppb, respectively. Further, the maximum cadmium content was found to be 5.5, 9.5, ND, 14, ND, 6.3, 12.30, 7.6, 9.2 and 5.4 ppb, respectively, where the value of the samples was not above the maximum recommended limits by standard of Iran, European Community (EC) and Codex Alimentarius (CAC). The average of the heavy metal (Cd and Pb) and AFM1 in the maltodextrin, starch, vitamin, raw milk, whey powder and baby oil, and the types of infant formula produced by Pegah dairy Plants (PDPs) Shahrekord was below the recommended levels by Iran standard.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Aflatoxin M1؛ Cadmium؛ Infant formula؛ Lead؛ Iran

مراجع

1. Parsaei P., Rahimi E.,  Shakerian A., 2019. Concentrations of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury in Raw Bovine, Ovine, Caprine, Buffalo and Camel Milk. Pol. J Environ Stud. 2, 6, 1-8.

2. Gürbay A., Aydın S., Girgin G., Engin A.B.,  Şahin G., 2006. Assessment of aflatoxin M1 levels in milk in Ankara, Turkey. Food Control. 17, 1-4.

3. Jaberi E., Shakerian A., Rahimi E., 2013. Determination of lead and cadmium contaminations in UF-Cheese and yoghurt produced in Esfahan and Golpayegan Pegah Dairy Processing Establishments. J Food Hygiene. 3(11), 49-55.

4. Hussain I., Anwar J., 2008. A study on contamination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Food Control. 19(4), 393-395.

5. Adjovi Y.C., Bailly S., Gnonlonfin B.J., Tadrist S., Querin A., Sanni A., Oswald I.P., Puel O., Bailly J.D., 2014. Analysis of the contrast between natural occurrence of toxigenic Aspergilli of the Flavi section and aflatoxin B1 in cassava. Food Microbiology. 38, 151–159.

6. Kamkar A., Jahed Khaniki G.H., Alavi S.A., 2011. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardabil of Iran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng. 8(2), 123-128.

7. Beltran E., Ibanez M., Sancho J.V., Cortes M.A., Yusa V., Hernandez F., 2011. UHPLC-MS/MS highly sensitive determination of aflatoxins, the aflatoxin metabolite M1 and ochratoxin A in baby food and milk. Food Chem. 12, 737- 744.

8. Prandini A., Tansini G., Sigolo S., Filippi L., Laporta M., Piva G., 2009. Review: On the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. Food Chem Toxicol. 47, 984-991.

9. Fallah A.A., Jafari T., Fallah A., Rahnama M., 2009. Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in Iranian white and cream cheese. Food Chem Toxicol. 47, 1872- 1875.

10. European Community., 1992. Commission Directive 92/95/EEC and Commission Directive 94/14/EC amending the annex of the Seventh Commission Directive 76/372/EEC establishing community methods of analysis for the official control of feeding stuffs. European Community (EC). Official Journal of the European Communities, 15, 3-4.

11. CAC., 2001. Comments submitted on the draft maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk. Codex Alimentarius Commissions (CAC). Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission, Report of the 33rd session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, The Hague, The Netherlands, 127-133.

12. Kanungo L., Bhand S., 2015. A survey of Aflatoxin M1 in some commercial milk samples and IFM samples in Goa, India. Food Agri Immuno. 25, 467-476.

13. Rahimi E., Shakerian A., Jafariyan M., Ebrahimi M., Riahi M., 2009. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk commercialized in Esfahan and Shahr-e Kord, Iran. Food Sec. 1(3), 317 -20.

14. Ismail A., Akhtar S., Levin R.E., Ismail T., Riaz M., Amir M., 2016. Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Crit Rev Micro, 42, 418-427.

15. Sadeghi E., Almasi A., Bohloli-Oskoii S., Mohamadi M., 2013. The evaluation of aflatoxin M1 level in collected raw milk for pasteurized dairy factories of Kermanshah. Zahedan. J Res Med Sci. 15(3), 26-9.

16. Bouaziz C., Bouslimi A., Kadri R., Zaied C., Bacha H., Abid-Essefi S., 2013. The in vitro effects of zearalenone and T-2 toxins on Vero cells. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 65, 497-501.

17. Gao Y.N., Wang J.Q., Li S.L., Zhang Y.D., Zheng N., 2016. Aflatoxin M1  ytotoxicity against human intestinal Caco-2 cells is enhanced in the presence of other mycotoxins. Food ChemToxicol. 96, 79-89.

18. Téllez-Rojo M.M., Bellinger D.C., Arroyo-Quiroz C., Lamadrid-Figueroa H., Mercado- García A., Schnaas-Arrieta L., O Wright R., Hernández-Avila M., Hu H., 2006. Longitudinal associations between blood lead concentrations lower than 10 microg/dL and neurobehavioral development in environmentally exposed children in Mexico City. Pediatrics, 118(2), 323–330.

19. Bellinger D.C., 2008. Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 20(2), 172–177.

20. Fernandes T.A., Brito J.A., Goncalves L.M., 2015. Analysis of micronutrients and heavy metals in Portuguese infant milk powders by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). Food Anal Methods. 8, 52-57.

21. Sirot V., Traore T., Guérin T., Noël L., Bachelot M., Cravedi J.P., Mazur  A., Glorennec  PH., Vasseur  P. , Jean  J., Carne  G., Gorecki  S., Rivière  G., Hulin M., 2018. French infant total diet study: exposure to selected trace elements and associated health risks. Food Chem Toxicol. 120, 625–633.

22. Patra R.C., Swarup D., Kumar P., Nandi D., Naresh R., Ali S.L., 2008. Milk trace elements in lactating cows environmentally exposed to higher level of lead and cadmium around different industrial units. Sci Total Environ. 404, 36–43.

23. Singh A., Sharma R.K., Agrawal M., Marshall F.M., 2010. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from thewastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol. 48, 611–619.

24. Perween R., 2015. Factors involving in fluctuation of trace metals concentrations in bovine milk. Pak J Pharm Sci. 28, 1033–1038.

25. EFSA, 2011. European Food Safety Authority, Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM); Scientific Opinion on Tolerable weekly intake for cadmium.

26. Najarnezhad V., Akbarabadi M., 2013. Heavy metals in raw cow and ewe milk from north-east Iran. Food Addit Contam Part B, Surveill. 6, 158–162.

27. Akhtar A., Shahzad M.A., Yoo S., Ismail A.,  Hameed A., Ismail T, Riaz M., 2017. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets.  Korean J Food Sci. 37(1), 79-86.

28. Shakerian A., Rahimi E., Ahmadi M., 2012. Cadmium and lead content in several brands of rice grains (Oryza sativa) in central Iran. Toxicol Industri Health. 28(10), 955-60.

29. Hosseni S.M., Shakerian A., Moghimi A., 2013. Cadmium and Lead Content in Several Brands of Black Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Iran. J Food Biosci Technol. 3, 67-72.

30. ISIRI, 2002. Food and Feed- Mycotoxins: Maximum tolerated level. First edition. Institute of standards and industrial research of Iran (ISIRI), Tehran, Iran, 3-20.

 31. ISIRI, 2005. Milk and milk products specifications and test methods. Iranian national standard, No.164, 2nd revision. Institute of standards and industrial research of Iran (ISIRI), Tehran, Iran, 4-22.

32. Polychronaki N., Turner C., Mykkanen H., Gong Y., Amra H., Abdel-Wahhab M, El-Nezami H., 2006. Determinants of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk in a selected group of Egyptian mothers. Food Addit Contam. 23(7), 700-8.

33. Omar S.S., 2016. Aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk, pasteurised milk and infant formula. Italian J Food Safety. 5(3), 3.

34. Maktabi S., Hajikolaie M.R., Ghorbanpour M., Pourmehdi M., 2011. Determination of aflatoxin M1 in UHT, pasteurized and GSM milks in Ahvaz (south-west of Iran) using ELISA. Global Vet. 7(1), 31-34.‏

35. Rastogi S., Dwivedi D.P, Khanna K.S., Das M., 2004. Detection of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and infant milk products from Indian markets by ELISA. Food Control. 15, 287-290.

36. De Castro C.S., Arruda A.F., Da Cunha L.R., Souzade J.R., Braga J.W., Dórea J.G., 2010. Toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and their respective antagonists (Ca and Zn) in infant formulas and milk marketed in Brasilia, Brazil. Int J Environ Res. Public Health. 7(11), 4062–4077.

37. Tajkarimi M., ShojaeeAliabadi F., Salah Nejad M., Pursoltani H., Motallebi A.A., Mahdavi H., 2007. Seasonal study of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk in five regions in Iran. Int J Food Microbiol. 116, 346-349.

38. Norouzirad R., González-Montaña J., Martínez-Pastor F., Hosseini H., Shahrouzian A., Khabazkhoob M., Fardin Ali Malayeri F.,Moallem Bandani H.,Paknejad M., Foroughi-nia B., Fooladi Moghaddam A.,  2018. Lead and cadmium levels in raw bovinemilk and dietary risk assessment in areas near petroleum extraction industries. Sci Total Environ. 635, 308–314.

39. Gardener H., Bowen J., Callan S.P., 2019. Lead and cadmium contamination in a large sample of United States infant formulas and baby foods. Sci Total Environ. 651, 822–827.

40. Delavar M., Abdollahi M., Navabi A., Sadeghi M., Hadavand S., Mansouri A, 2012. Evaluation and Determination of Toxic Metals, Lead and Cadmium, in Incoming Raw Milk from Traditional and Industrial Farms to Milk Production Factories in Arak, Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology. 6(17), 630-634.

41. Karimi E., Yari M., Ghaneialvar H., Kazemi H.R., Asadzadeh R., Aidy A., Abbasi N., 2020. Effects of dust phenomenon on heavy metals in raw milk in western Iran. Foods and Raw Materials. 8 (2), 241-249.

42. Ghajarbeygi P., Palizban M., Mahmoudi R., Jahed Khaniki G.H.R., Pakbin P., 2016. Aflatoxin M1 contamination of cow’s raw milk in different seasons from Qazvin province, Iran. J Biol Today's World. 5(10), 173-176.

 43. Vagef R., Mahmoudi R., 2013. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and pasteurized milk produced in west region of Iran (during summer and winter. International Food Research Journal 20(3), 1421-1425.

44. Azab E., K. Hegazy A., 2020. Monitoring the Efficiency of Rhazya stricta L. Plants in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil. Plants (Basel) 9(9), 1057.

45. Abbasi N., Khosravi A., Aidy A., Shafiei M., 2016. Biphasic response to luteolin in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells under high glucose-induced oxidative stress. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 41(2), 118-125.

46. Bahmani M., Taherikalani M., Khaksarian M., Rafieian-Kopaei M., Ashrafi B., Nazer M., Soroush S., Abbasi N., Rashidipour M., 2019. The synergistic effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of Origanum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum and their active components carvacrol and hypericin against Staphylococcus aureus. Future Science OA 5(3), Article number FSO371.

47. Mahdavi B., Saneei S., Qorbani M., Zhaleh M., Zangeneh A., Zangeneh M.M., Pirabbasi E., Abbasi N., Ghaneialvar H., 2019. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves aqueous extract mediated synthesis of zinc nanoparticles and their antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and cutaneous wound healing properties under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 33 (11), art. no. e5164.

48. Moayeri A., Azimi M., Karimi E., Aidy A., Abbasi N., 2018. Attenuation of Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome by Prosopis Farcta Extract and Its Bioactive Component Luteolin in Comparison with Clonidine in Rats. Med Sci Monitor Basic Res 24(9), 151-158.