Evaluation of 13 Calendula (Calendula officinalis) Cultivars Response to Drought Stress

Journal of Ornamental Plants

مقاله 4، دوره 11، شماره 2، شهریور 2021، صفحه 109-121   

نوع مقاله: Research Paper

نویسندگان

Maryam Zarghami Moghadam¹؛ Mahmoud Shoor^{* 1}؛ Hossein Nemati¹؛ Ahmad Nezami²

¹Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

²Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

چکیده

Bedding plants form an important part of the urban public space and private gardens. Drought stress management is considered as an important factor in nowadays landscape. Low water use landscaping is becoming common issue in arid regions, little information is available about regulated deficit irrigation tolerance and responses of many ornamental plants, especially annuals and herbaceous perennials. Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae), known as calendula or marigold, is an annual species widely used around the world as a medicinal plant. The main aim of this study was to evaluate drought stress response at two levels (100 and 50% FC) on 13 pots of marigold cultivars (Candyman Orange, Fiesta Gitana, Citrus Cocktail, Neon, Candyman Yellow, Fruit Twist, Sherbet Fizz, Oopsy Daisy, Pot Marigold, Greenheart Orange, Calendula Porcupine, Pink Surprise and Touch of the Red) with 4 replicates under greenhouse conditions. The morphological and biochemical traits were measured and analyzed at the end of the experiment. Water stress (50% FC) reduced most of the evaluated traits and increased proline content (p <0.01). Flower characteristics such as flower and diameter were also observed declined as the aim indexes preserved. Finally two premium selected cultivars Neon and Candyman were selected as the most resistant. It seems that water supply is the main factor affecting growth and flowering is annual bedding plants and the quality and quantity declines in drought noticeably. Evaluation of these traits along with resistance response will help to use them for more sustainable with low input landscapes in mind.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Bedding plants؛ Future insights؛ Low input landscape؛ Ornamental annuals؛ Water scarcity

مراجع

Auge, R.M., Stodola, A.J.W., Moore, J.L., Klingeman, W.E. and Duan, X. 2003. Comparative dehydration tolerance of foliage of several ornamental crops. Scientia Horticulture, 98: 511–516.

Baher, Z.F., Mirza, M., Ghorbanil, M. and Rezaii, M.Z. 2002. The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in Satueja hortensis L. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17: 275-277.

Bargali, K. and Tewari, A. 2004. Growth and water relation parameters in drought stressed Coriaria nepalensis seedlings. Journal of Arid Environment, 58: 505-512.

Bates, L.S., Waldran, R.P. and Teare, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water studies. Journal of Plant Soil, 39: 205–208.

Blum, A. 2005. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential – are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 56: 1159–1168.

Borm, G. and van Dijk, N. 1994. Effects of sowing time, seed rate and row distance on Calendula officinalis L. grown for seed. In: Alternative oilseed and fiber crops for cool and wet regions of Europe. Proceedings of a workshop, 7-8 April 1994 at Wageningen, CPRO-DLO, The Netherlands, pp. 203.

Castro-Diaz, P., Villar-Salvador, P., Perez-Rontome, C., Maestro-Martinez, M. and Montserrat-Marti, G. 1998. Leaf morphology, leaf chemical composition and stem xylem characteristics in two Pistachia (Anacardiaceae) species on a climatic gradient. Flora, 193: 195-202.

Chartzoulakis, K., Patakas, A. and Bosabalidis, A.M. 1999. Changes in water relations, photosynthesis and leaf anatomy induced by intermittent drought in two olive cultivars. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 42: 113-120.

Clavel, D., Drame, N.K., Roy-Macauley, H., Braconnier, S. and Laffray, D. 2005. Analysis of early responses to drought associated with field drought adaptation in four Sahelian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 54: 219–230.

Dere, S., Gunes, T. and Sivaci, R. 1998. Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents. Journal of Botany, 22: 13-17.

Dickson, R.E. and Tomlinson, P.T. 1996. Oak growth, development and carbon metabolism in response to water stress. Annual Science of Forestery, 53: 181-196.

Dunford, N.T. and Vazquez, R.S. 2005. Effect of water stress on plant growth and thymol and carvacrol concentrations in Mexican oregano grown under controlled conditions. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 7(1): 20-22.

Efeoglu, B., Ekmekci, Y. and Cicek, N. 2009. Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery. South African Journal of Botany, 75: 34-42.

Emam, Y., Shekoofa, A., Salehi, F. and Jalali, A.H. 2010. Water stress effects on two common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits. Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science, 9(5): 495-499.

English, M. 1990. Deficit irrigation, I. Analytical framework. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 116: 399-412.

Farooq, M., Basra, S.M.A., Wahid, A., Ahmad, N. and Saleem, B.A. 2009. Improving the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid. Journal of Agronmy and Crop Science, 195: 237–246.

Farooq, M., Bramley, H., Palta, J.A. and Siddique, K.H.M. 2011. Heat stress in wheat during reproductive and grain filling phases. Critical Review Plant Science, 30:491–507.

Gratani, L. and Bombelli, A. 2000. Correlation between leaf age and other leaf traits in three Mediterranean maquis shrub species, Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia and Cistus incanus. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 43: 141-153.

Gratani, L. and Varone, L. 2004. Leaf key traits of Erica arborea L., Erica multiflora L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. co-occurring in the Mediterranean maquis. Flora, 199: 58–69.

Guo, Z., Ou, W., Lu, S. and Zhong, Q. 2006. Differential responses of ant oxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Journal, 44: 828-836.

Khalid, K.A. 2006. Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil and chemical composition of herbs (Ocimum sp.). International Agrophysiology, 20 (4): 289-296.

Kidokoro, S., Maruyama, K., Nakashima, K., Imura, Y., Narusaka, Y., Shinwari, Z.K., Osakabe, Y., Fujita, Y., Mizoi, J., Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. 2009. The phytochrome-interacting factor PIF7 negatively regulates DREB1 expression under circadian control in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 151(4): 2046-2057.

Kjelgren, R., Rupp, L. and Kilgren, D. 2000. Water conservation in urban landscapes. HortScience, 35: 1037-1043.

Kumar, R., Solankey, S.S. and Singh, M. 2012. Breeding for drought tolerance in vegetables. Vegetable Science, 39: 1-15.

Lambers, H., Chapin, F.S. and Pons, T.L. 2008. Plant physiological ecology, 2nd eds. Springer, New York.

Li, F., Vallabhaneni, R., Yu, J., Rocheford, T. and Wurtzel, E.T. 2008. The maize phytoene synthase gene family: overlapping roles for carotenogenesis in endosperm, photomorphogenesis, and thermal stress tolerance. Plant physiology. 147(3): 1334-1346.

Lin, J.N. and Kao, C.H. 1998. Water stress, ammonium, and leaf senescence in detached rice leaves. Plant Growth Regulation, 26: 165–169.

Loik, M.E. and Harte, J. 1997. Changes in water relations for leaves exposed to a climate-warming manipulation in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 37: 115–123.

Malinowski, D.P. and Belesky, D. 2000. Adaptations of endophyte-infected cool-season grasses to environmental stresses: Mechanisms of drought and mineral stress tolerance. Crop Science, 40: 923-940.

Mee, W., Barnes, J., Kjelgren, R., Sutton, R., Cerny, T. and Johnson, C. 2003. Water wise: Native plants for intermountain landscapes. USU Press, Logan, UT. 254 pp.

Metwally, S.A., Khalid A.K. and Abou-Leila, B.H. 2013. Effect of water regime on the growth, flower yield, essential oil and proline contents of Calendula officinalis. Nusantara Bioscience, 5(2): 65-69.

Moriana, A., Villalobos, F.J. and Fereres, E. 2002. Stomatal and photosynthetic responses of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves to water deficits. Plant Cell Environment, 25: 395-405. 

Omid Beygi, R. 2005. Production and processing of medicinal plants. First volume. BehNashr Press. P: 135.

Pattangual, W. and Madore, M. 1999. Water deficit effects on Raffi nose family oligosaccharide metabolism in Coleus. Plant Physiology, 121: 998-993.

Sanchez-Blanco, M.J., Hernandez, P.R., Olmos, E., Morales, M.A. and Torrecillas, A. 2004. Differences in the effects of simulated sea aerosol on water relations, salt content, and leaf ultrastructure of Rock-Rose plants. Journal of environmental quality. 33(4): 1369-1375.

Schonfeld, M.A., Johnson, R.C., Carver, B.F. and Mornhinweg, D.W. 1988. Water relations in winter wheat as drought resistance indicator. Crop Science, 28: 526–531.

Seki, M.,Kameiy, A., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K. 2003 Molecular responses to drought, salinity and frost: Common and different paths for plant protection. Current Opinion on Biotechnology, 14:194–199.

Torrecillas, A., Rodriguez, P. and Sanchez-Blanco, M.J. 2003. Comparison of growth, leaf water relations and gas exchange of Cistus albidus and C. monspeliensis plants irrigated with water of different NaCl salinity levels. Scientia Horticulture, 97: 353-368.

Vahdati, N., Tehranifar, A. and Kazemi, F. 2017. Assessing chilling and drought tolerance of different plant genera on extensive green roofs in an arid climate region in Iran. Journal of Environmental Management, 192: 215-223.

Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K. 2006. Transcriptional regulatory networks in cellular responses and tolerance to dehydration and cold stresses. Annual Review on Plant Biology, 57:781–803.

Yildiz-Aktas, L., Dagnon, S., Gurel, A., Gesheva, E. and Edreva, A. 2007. Drought tolerance in cotton: Involvement if non-enzymatic ROS-scavenging compounds. Journal of Agronomy and crop science, 195 (4): 247-253.

Zekavati, H.R., Shoor, M., Rohani, H., FazeliKakhki, S.F. and Ganji Moghadam, E. 2018. The effect of Trichoderma isolates on morpho – physiological changes of Polianthes tuberosa under drought stress conditions. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 8 (4): 285-299.

Zhu, J.K. 2002. Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 53 (1): 247-273.

Zwack, J.A. and Graves, W.R. 1998. Leaf water relations and plant development of three freeman maple cultivars subjected to drought. Journal of American Society of Horticultural Science, 123: 371-375.