Application of mineral chemistry in determining magma fertility of the Tarom northern and southern intrusions, NW Iran

Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences

مقاله 5، دوره 14، شماره 4، دی 2022، صفحه 285-300   

نوع مقاله: Original Research Paper

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/ijes.2021.685392

نویسندگان

Narges Yasami¹؛ Majid Ghaderi^{* 1}؛ Seyed Hedayatalah Mousavi Motlagh¹؛ Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari²

¹Department of Economic Geology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Geology, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

چکیده

The Tarom metallogenic belt of the Alborz magmatic belt in NW Iran is characterized by two alignments of intrusion in its northern and southern parts. The northern intrusion is younger than the southern one. Mineral chemistry investigations on the northern and southern intrusions characterize calc-alkaline magmatism. The northern intrusion consists mostly of quartz monzonite, and the southern intrusion comprises 1) gabbro - pyroxene quartz monzodiorite – quartz monzodiorite series and quartz syenite; 2) gabbro-diorite. Electron microprobe chemistries indicate that the northern plagioclases are An22 to An49 (oligoclase to labradorite). Plagioclases from the southern intrusion are An35 to An54 (andesine to labradorite) and gabbro-diorite plagioclases are An65 to An61 (labradorite). All pyroxenes correspond to the Quad (diopside, augite, and clinoenstatite) and crystallized at <2 to 5 kbar and H₂O=10%. Formation temperatures of pyroxenes from the northern intrusion are in the range of 1100-1175°C. The northern feldspars show temperatures ~550°C. Formation temperatures for the clinopyroxene and feldspar from the southern intrusion are estimated at 1140-1185°C and 550-600°C, respectively. The Fe-rich biotite minerals from the northern intrusion suggest high oxygen fugacity magma. The northern and southern intrusions formed in an arc-related tectonic setting. The northern magma is sourced from the melting of a mixed mantle-crust in a subduction-related environment. The mineral composition of the northern intrusion implies magma fertility and porphyry mineralization which can be due to its high oxygen fugacity magma and lower crystallization pressure relative to those of the southern intrusion.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Mineral chemistry؛ thermobarometry؛ magma fertility؛ Alborz؛ Iran

مراجع

1. Abdel Rahman AM (1994) Nature of biotites from alkaline, calc-alkaline and peraluminous magmas, Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 35: 525–541.
2. Anderson J L (1996) Status of thermobarometry in granitic batholiths, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 87: 125–138.
3. Annells RN, Arthurton RS, Bazely RA, Davis RG (1975) Explanatory text of the Qazvin and Rasht quadrangles map (1:250000). Geological Survey of Iran.
4. Aoki K, Shiba I (1973) Pyroxenes from lherzolite inclusions of Itinomegata-Gata, Japan, Lithos 6: 41–51.
5. Asiabanha A, Foden J (2012) Post-collisional transition from an extensional volcano-sedimentary basin to a continental arc in the Alborz ranges, N-Iran, Lithos 148: 98–111.
6. Axen GJ, Lam PJ, Grove M, Stockli DF, Hassanzadeh J (2001) Exhumation of the west-central Alborz Mountains, Iran, Caspian subsidence, and collision-related tectonics, Geology 29: 559–562.
7. Barbarian B (1990) Granitoids: Main petrogenetic classifications in relation to origin and tectonic setting, Geological Journal 25: 227–238.
8. Beane RE (1974) Biotite stability in the porphyry copper environment, Economic Geology 69: 241–256.
9. Beccaluva L, Macciotta G, Piccardo GB, Zeda O (1989) Clinopyroxene composition of ophiolite basalts as petrogenetic indicator, Chemical Geology 77: 165–182.
10. Bindi L, Cellai D, Melluso L, Conticelli S, Morra V et al. (1999) Crystal chemistry of clinopyroxene from alkaline undersaturated rocks of the Monte Vulture volcano, Italy, Lithos 46: 259–274.
11. Botcharnikov R, Koepke J, Holtz F, Mc Cammon C, Wlike M (2005) The effect of water activity on the oxidation and structural state of Fe in a ferro-basaltic melt, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69: 5071–5085.
12. Castro A, Aghazadeh M, Badrzadeh Z, Chichorro M (2013) Late Eocene–Oligocene post-collisional monzonitic intrusions from the Alborz magmatic belt, NW Iran: An example of monzonite magma generation from a metasomatized mantle source, Lithos 180-181: 109–127.
13. Castro A, Stephen WE (1992) Amphibole rich clots in calc-alkaline granitic rocks and their enclaves, The Canadian Mineralogist 30: 1093–1112.
14. Cooke DR, Agnew P, Hollings P, Baker M, Chang Z et al. (2017) Porphyry indicator minerals (PIMS) and porphyry vectoring and fertility tools (PVFTS) – Indicators of mineralization styles and recorders of hypogene geochemical dispersion halos. In: Proceedings of Exploration 17, Sixth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration, V. Tschirhart and M.D. Thomas, eds., Geochemistry 457–469.
15. Dabovski C, Harkovska A, Kamenov B, Mavrudchiev B, Stanisheva-Vassileva G et al. (1991) A geodynamic model of the Alpine magmatism in Bulgaria, Geologica Balcanica 21: 3–15.
16. Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J (1992) An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. 17th ed., Longman, London.
17. Deol S, Deb M, Large RR, Gilbert S (2012) LA-ICPMS and EPMA studies of pyrite, arsenopyrite and loellingite from the Bhukia-Jagpura gold prospect, southern Rajasthan, India: Implications for ore genesis and gold remobilization, Chemical Geology 326: 72–87.
18. Dupuis C, Beaudoin G (2011) Discriminant diagrams for iron oxide trace element fingerprinting of mineral deposit types, Mineralium Deposita 46: 319–335.
19. France L, Koepke J, Ildefonse B, Cichy SB, Deschamps F (2010) Hydrous partial melting in the sheeted dike complex at fast-spreading ridges: Experimental and natural observations, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 160: 683–704.
20. Green DH, Ringwood AE (1967) An experimental investigation of the gabbro to eclogite transformation and its petrological applications, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 31: 767–833.
21. Helgadottir H (2016) Comparative analysis of plagioclase in the Eyjafjöllankaramites, BSc thesis, Faculty of Earth Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, 67.
22. Helz RT (1976) Phase relations of basalts in their melting ranges at PH₂O= 5kb as a function of oxygen fugacity, part I. Mafic phases, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 14: 249–302.
23. Hirayama K, Haghipour A, Hajian J (1965) Geology of the Zanjan area: The Tarom district, eastern part (Zanjan area, northwest Iran), with a 1: 100,000 map. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran 28: 33 p.
24. Hirayama K, Samimi M, Zahedi M, Hushmand-Zadeh A (1966) Geology of Taroum district, western part (Zanjan area north-west Iran), Geological Survey of Iran.
25. Hosseini M, Moosavi E, Rasouli Jamadi F (2017) Abhar 1: 100000 Geological map, Geological Survey of Iran.
26. Hout F, Hebert R, Varfalvy V, Beaudin G, Wang CS, et al. (2002) The Beimarang Mélange (southern Tibet) brings additional constraints in assessing the origin, metamorphic evolution and obduction processes of the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolite, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21: 307–322.
27. Kilinc A, Carmichael I, Rivers M, Sack R (1983) The ferric-ferrous ratio of natural silicate liquids equilibrated in air, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 83: 136–140.
28. Kroll H, Evangelakis C, Voll G (1993) Two-feldspar geothermometry: a review and revision for slowly cooled rocks, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 114: 510–518.
29. Kretz R (1983) Symbols for rock-forming minerals, American Mineralogist 68: 277–279.
30. Kushiro I (1960) Si-Al relation in clinopyroxenes from igneous rocks, American Journal of Science 258: 548–554.
31. Le Bas NJ (1962) The role of aluminum in igneous pyroxenes with relation to their parentage, American Journal of Science 260: 267–288.
32. Leterrier J, Maurry RC, Thonon P, Girard D, Marchal M (1982) Clinopyroxene composition as a method of identification of the magmatic affinities of paleo-volcanic series, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59: 139–154.
33. Loucks RR (2014) Distinctive composition of copper-ore forming arc magmas, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 61: 5–16.
34. Moinvaziri H (1985) Volcanismet ertiaire et quaternaire en Iran. Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, These d'Etat, 278.
35. Molina J, Scarrow J, Montero PG, Bea F (2009) High-Ti amphibole as a petrogenetic indicator of magma chemistry: Evidence for mildly alkalic-hybrid melts during evolution of Variscan basic-ultrabasic magmatism of Central Iberia, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 158: 69–98.
36. Moretti R (2005) Polymerisation, basicity, oxidation state and their role in ionic modeling of silicate melts, Annales Geophysicae 56: 340–368.
37. Morimoto N, Fabries J, Ferguson AK, et al. (1988) Nomenclature of Pyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine 52: 535–550.
38. Mousavi Motlagh SH, Ghaderi M (2019) The Chargar Au-Cu deposit: An example of low-sulfidation epithermal mineralization from the Tarom subzone, NW Iran, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 196(1): 43–66.
39. Mousavi Motlagh SH, Ghaderi M, Mokhtari MAA, Yasami N (2019) Geochemical constraints on the origin and tectonic setting of Chargar intrusions in the Alborz orogenic belt, NW Iran, Journal of Earth System Science 128: 224.
40. Nabatian Gh, Jiang SY, Honarmand M, Neubauer F (2016) Zircon U–Pb ages, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Tarom-Olya pluton, Alborz magmatic belt, NW Iran, Lithos 244: 43–58.
41. Nachit H, Ibhi A, Abia EH, Ohoud MB (2005) Discrimination between primary magmatic biotites, reequilibrated biotites and neoformed biotites, Comptes Rendus Geoscience 337: 1415–1420.
42. Nisbet EG, Pearce JA (1977) Clinopyroxene composition of mafic lavas from different tectonic settings, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 63(2): 161–173.
43. Nazari H, Salamati R (1998) 1:100,000 scale geological map of the Roudbar quadrangle. Geological Survey of Iran.
44. Perarce JA, Harris NB, Tindle AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks, Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 25: 956–983.
45. Piccoli PM, Candela PA (2002) Apatite in igneous systems, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 48: 255–292.
46. Richards JP (2016) Tectonics and Metallogeny of the Tethyan Orogenic Belt. Society of Economic Geologists 19.
47. Ricou LE, Burg JP, Godfriaux I, Ivanov Z (1998) Rhodope and Vardar: The metamorphic and the olistostromic paired belts related to the Cretaceous subduction under Europe, Acta Geodynamica et Geomaterialia 11(6): 285–309.
48. Rieder M, Cavazzini G, D’yakonov YS, Frank-Kamenetskii VA, Gottardi G, et al. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas, Clay Minerals 46: 586–595.
49. Rolland Y, Billo S, Corsini M, Sosson M, Galyan G (2009) Blueschists of the Amassia-Stepanavan suture zone (Armenia): Linking Tethys subduction history from E-Turkey to W-Iran, International Journal of Earth Sciences 98: 533–550.
50. Sarem MN, Abedini MV, Dabiri R, Ansari MR (2021) Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Basic Paleogene Volcanic Rocks in Alamut Region. Earth Sciences Research Journal 25(2):237-45.
51. Schweitzer E, Papike J, Bence A (1979) Statistical analysis of clinopyroxenes from deep-sea basalts, American Mineralogist 64: 501–513.
52. Seck HA (1971) Koexistierende alkali feldspateundplagioklaseim system NaAlSi₃O₈-KAlSi₃O₈-CaAl₂Si₂O₈-H₂O beitemperaturen von 650°C bis 900°C, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 115: 315–345.
53. Seedorff E, Dilles JH, Proffett JMJr, Einaudi L, Zurcher WJA, et al. (2005) Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features, Economic Geology 100: 251–298.
54. Soesoo A (1997) A multivariate statistical analysis of clinopyroxene composition: Empirical coordinates for the crystallisation PT-estimations. Geological Society of Sweden (Geologiska Föreningen) 119(1): 55–60.
55. Streckeisen A (1976) To each plutonic rock its proper name, Earth-Science Review 12: 1–33.
56. Streckeisen A, Le Maitre RW (1979) A chemical approximation to the modal QAPF classification of the igneous rocks, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 136: 169–206.
57. Sun WD, Arculus RJ, Kamenetsky VS, Binns RA (2004) Release of gold-bearing fluids in convergent margin magmas prompted by magnetite crystallization, Nature 431: 975–978.
58. Taylor W, Nimis J (2000) Thermometry clinopyroxene in the Hawaii basalt, Mineralogy 21: 25–36.
59. Thorpes RS (ed) (1982) Andesites. Wiley, Chichester, 724.
60. Williamson BJ, Herrington RJ, Morris A (2016) Porphyry copper enrichment linked to excess aluminum in plagioclase, Nature Geoscience 9: 237–242.
61. Wones DR, Eugster HP (1965) Stability of biotite: Experiment, theory and application, American Mineralogist 50: 1228–1272.
62. Wyborn D, Sun SS (1994) Sulphur-undersaturated magmatism: A key factor for generating magma-related copper-gold deposits. AGSO Research Newsletter 21: 7–8.
63. Yasami N (2018) Geology, alteration, geochemistry and genesis of Chodarchay Cu deposit, Tarom subzone, east Zanjan, Ph.D. thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
64. Yasami N, Ghaderi M, Madanipour S, Taghilou B (2017) Structural control on overprinting high-sulfidation epithermal on porphyry mineralization in the Chodarchay deposit, northwestern Iran, Ore Geology Reviews 86: 212–224.
65. Yasami N, Ghaderi M, Mokhtari MAA, Mousavi Motlagh SH (2018) Petrogenesis of the two phases of intrusive rocks at Chodarchay, NW Iran: Using trace and rare earth elements, NW Iran, Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11(20): 605.
66. Zamanian H, Rahmani Sh, Zareisahamieh R (2019) Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Lubin-Zardeh epithermal Cu-Au deposit in Zanjan Province, NW Iran: Implications for ore genesis, Ore Geology Reviews 112: 103014.
67. Yazdi A, Ashja Ardalan A, Emami MH, Dabiri R, Foudazi M. (2019) Magmatic interactions as recorded in plagioclase phenocrysts of quaternary volcanics in SE Bam (SE Iran). Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences11(3):215-25.
68. Zhou ZX (1986) The origin of intrusive mass in Fengshandong, Hubei province, Acta Petrologica Sinica 2(1): 59–70.