Different Geometry Design Structures of Tissue Scaffolds for Additive Manufacturing

ADMT Journal

دوره 14، شماره 4، اسفند 2021، صفحه 91-104   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/admt.2021.1936526.1298

نویسندگان

amirhossein Ehsani¹؛ sadegh rahmati^{* 2}؛ Mohammad Nikkhoo²؛ Shahram Etemadi Haghighi¹؛ Mohammad Haghpanahi³

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

³Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

چکیده

The design and manufacturing cubic porous scaffolds are a considerable notion in tissue engineering (TE). From Additive manufacturing (AM) perspective, it has attained high appeal in the string of TE during the past decade. In the view of TE, the feasibility of manufacturing intricate porous scaffolds with high accuracy contrast to prominent producing methods has caused AM the outstanding option for manufacturing scaffold. From design perspective, porous scaffold structures play a crucial task in TE as scaffold design with an adequate geometries provide a route to required strength and porosity. The target of this paper is achieve of best geometry to become an optimum mechanical strength and porosity of TE scaffolds. Hence, the cubic geometry has been chosen for scaffold and Cube, Cylinder and Hexagonal prism geometries have been selected for pore of structures. In addition, for noticing the porosity effects, pore size has been chosen in three size, and a whole of nine scaffolds have been designed. Designed scaffolds were generated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer and dimensional specifications of scaffolds were evaluated by comparing the designed scaffolds with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The samples were subjected to mechanical compression test and the results were verified with the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The results showed that firstly, as the porosity increases, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity obviously decreased in all geometry pore scaffolds. Secondly, as the geometry changes in similar porosity, cubic pore scaffold achieved higher compressive strength and modulus of elasticity than cylinder and hexagonal prime. Experimental and FEM validated results proposed a privileged feasible pore geometry of cubic scaffold to be used in design and manufacturing of TE scaffolds.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Cubic Scaffold؛ Pore Geometry؛ Tissue Engineering؛ Additive Manufacturing؛ Mechanical strength؛ Finite Element Analysis

مراجع

• Pina, S., Oliveira, J., and Reis, R., Natural‐Based Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: A Review, Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, No. 7, 1986, pp. 1143- 1169.
• Bose, S., Vahabzadeh, S., and Bandyopadhyay A., Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing, Materials Today, 16, No. 12, 2013, pp. 496- 504.
• Lichte, P., Pape, H., Pufe, T., Scaffolds for bone healing: concepts, Materials and evidence Injury, 42, No. 6, 2011, pp. 569- 573.
• Polo-Corrales, L., Latorre-Esteves, M., and Ramirez-Vick., J.E., Scaffold design for bone regeneration, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 14, No. 1, 2014, pp. 15.
• Roseti, L., Parisi, V., Petretta, M., Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: State of the art and new perspectives, Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 1, No. 78, 2017, pp. 1246- 1262.
• Szojka, A., Lalh, K.H.J., Andrews, S., Biomimetic 3D printed scaffolds for meniscus tissue engineering, Bioprinting, 8, No. 1, 2017, pp. 1- 7.
• Agarwal, R., and García, J.A., Biomaterial strategies for engineering implants for enhanced osseointegration and bone repair, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 1, No. 98, 2015, pp. 53- 62.
• Guo, B., Lei, B., Li, P., Functionalized scaffolds to enhance tissue regeneration, Regenerative biomaterials, 1, No. 2, 2015, pp. 47- 57.
• Wu, S., Liu, X., Yeung, K.W., Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 80, No. 1, 2014, pp. 1- 36.
• Fereshteh, Z., Nooeaid, P., Fathi, M., The effect of coating type on mechanical properties and controlled drug release of PCL/zein coated 45S5 bioactive glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Materials Science and Engineering : C, 1, No. 54, 2015, pp. 50- 60.
• Sadeghpour, S., Amirjani, A., Hafezi, M., Fabrication of a novel nanostructured calcium zirconium silicate scaffolds prepared by a freeze-casting method for bone tissue engineering, Ceramics International, 40, No. 10, 2014, pp. 16107- 16114.
• Gentile, P., Chiono, V., Carmagnola, I., An overview of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)- based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering, International journal of molecular sciences, 3, No. 15, 2014, pp. 13640- 3659.
• Rajzer, I., Menaszek, E., Kwiatkowski, R., Electrospun gelatin/poly (ε-caprolactone) fibrous scaffold modified with calcium phosphate for bone tissue engineering, Materials Science and Engineering : C, 1, No. 44, 2014, pp. 183- 190.
• Sadiasa, A., Nguyen, T.H., and Lee, B.T., In vitro and in vivo evaluation of porous PCL-PLLA 3D polymer scaffolds fabricated via salt leaching method for bone tissue engineering applications, Journal of Biomaterials Science,Polymer, 2, No. 25, 2013, pp. 150- 167.
• Yeong, W.Y., Chua, C.K., Leong, K.F., Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering: challenges and potential, Trends Biotechnol, 22, No. 12, 2004, pp. 643- 652.
• Vaezi, M., Seitz. H., and Yang, S. A., review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 1, No. 67, 2013, pp. 1721- 1754.
• Leong, K.F., Cheah, C.M., and Chua, C.K., Solid freeform fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for engineering replacement tissues and organs, Biomaterials, 13, No. 24, 2003, pp. 2363- 2378.
• Scott Crump S. Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects. Patent 5121329, USA, 2014.
• Upcraft, S., and Fletcher, R., The rapid prototyping technologies. Materials Science, Assembly Automation, 4, No. 23, 2003, pp. 318- 330.
• Gómez, S., Vlad, M.D., Lopez, J., Design and properties of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Acta Biomater, 1, No. 42, 2016, pp. 341- 350.
• Williams, J.M., Adewunmi, A., Schek, R.M., Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering, Biomaterials, 23, No. 26, 2005, pp. 4817- 4827.
• Shuai, C., Mao, Z., Lu, H., Fabrication of porous polyvinyl alcohol scaffold for bone tissue engineering via selective laser sintering, Biofabrication, 1, No. 5, 2013, pp. 14- 15.
• Eydivand, M.A., Hashjin, M.S, Farzad, A., Effect of technical parameters on porous structure and strength of 3D printed calcium sulfate prototypes, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 37, No. 1, 2016, pp. 57- 67.
• Farzadi, A., Waran, V., Hashjin, M.S., Effect of layer printing delay on mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of 3D printed porous prototypes in bone tissue engineering, Ceramics International, 41, No. 1, 2015, pp. 8320- 8330.
• Viana, T., Biscaia, S., Almeida, H.A., Permeability evaluation of laydown patterns and pore size of PCL scaffolds, Procedia Engineering, 59, No. 1, 2013, pp. 255- 262.
• Feng, P., Meng, X., Chen, J.F., Mechanical properties of structures 3D printed with cementitious powders, Construction and Building Materials, 93, No. 1, 2015, pp. 486- 497.
• Speirs, M., Hooreweder, B.V., Humbeeck, J.V., Fatigue behaviour of NiTi shape memory alloy scaffolds produced by SLM, a unit cell design comparison, Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical Materials, 70, No. 1, 2017, pp. 53- 59.
• Kadkhodapour, J., Montazerian, H., Darabi, A.C., Failure mechanisms of additively manufactured porous biomaterials: effects of porosity and type of unit cell, Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical Materials, 50, No. 1, 2015, pp. 180- 191.
• Bohner, M., Loosli, Y., Baroud, G., Commentary: deciphering the link between architecture and biological response of a bone graft substitute, Acta biomaterial, 7, No. 2, 2011, pp. 478- 484.
• Liu, C., Xia, Z., and Czernuszka, J., Design and development of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 85, No. 7, 2007, pp. 1051- 1064.
• Singhvi, M.S., Zinjarde, S.S., and Gokhale, D.V., Polylactic acid: Synthesis and biomedical applications, Appl Microbiol, 127, No. 1, 2019, pp. 1612- 1626.
• ASTM D695-02a:2002. Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastic.
• Farah, S., Anderson, D.G., and Langer, R., Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications - A comprehensive review, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 107, No. 1, 2016, pp. 367- 392.
• Stamboulis, Boccaccini, A.R., and Hench, L.L., Novel Biodegradable Polymer/Bioactive Glass Composites for Tissue Engineering Applications, Advanced Engineering Materials, 4, No. 3, 2002, pp. 105- 109.
• Driscoll, S.B., The Basics of Testing Plastics: Mechanical Properties, Flame Exposure, and General Guidelines, Pennsylvania: Mayfield, 2004, p.25.
• Goldstein, S.A., Wilson, D.L., Sonstegard, D.A., The mechanical properties of human tibial trabecular bone as a function of metaphyseal location, Biomech, 16, No. 1, 1983, pp. 965- 969.

Hutmacher, D.W., Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage, Biomaterials, Vol. 21, No. 24, 2000, pp. 2529- 2543.