Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy metals in Cow Milks from Selected Local Government Areas of Kano state, Nigeria

Journal of Chemical Health Risks

دوره 12، شماره 2، شهریور 2022، صفحه 305-314   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jchr.2022.1934016.1345

نویسندگان

S. Nasiru^{* 1}؛ S.M. Dambazau¹؛ M. H. Garba¹؛ Abba Babandi²؛ A.M. wudil²

¹Federal University Dutse, P.M.B, 7156, Jigawa State, Nigeria

²Bayero University Kano, P.M.B., Kano State, Nigeria

چکیده

Environmental pollution is a problem that has emerged due to increased industrialization with its attendant effects on well-being of people. This study determined the contamination level of cow milk by the heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe) from three local governments (Bichi, Rano and Nassarawa) in Kano state. The results obtained showed that, the concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn were below permissible limits in milk. Whereas, moderate contamination by Fe and Cr were also observed. The data obtained were used to calculate   some risk indices such as daily intake of metals (DIM), and total hazard index (THI). The DIM in the three local governments was within the range of 3.4 × 10^-4 – 6.8 × 10^-3 µg l^-1. b.w/day for Cr and 0.367 – 1.55 µg/l. b.w/day for Fe. Lead (Pb) was only detected in Rano local government within the range of 0.104 – 0.117 µg/l. b.w/day, while Zn was detected in Bichi and Rano within the range of 0.048 – 0.113 µg l^-1. b.w/day. All hazard indices calculated for metals were found to be below 1. The result therefore, showed tolerable risk in consumed milk at the aforementioned locations. However, risk assessment should be carried out at intervals as a form of environmental assessment to assess the general health of the public, to prevent buildup of environmental pollutants and consequent consequences.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Environmental pollution؛ Industrialization؛ Milk؛ Heavy metals؛ General health؛ DIM؛ THI

مراجع

1. Masoud K., Razzagh M., Peyman G., Shaghayegh M., 2019. The Effect of Seasonal Variation on the Chemical and Microbial Quality of Raw Milk Samples Used in Qazvin, Iran. Journal of Chemical Health Risk. 9(2), 157-165.
2. Mohammad P., Peyman G., Razzagh M., 2016. Detection Ofadulteration In Raw Cow Milk Supplied In The Qazvin Province, Iran, During (2015-2016), Carpathian. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 8(4), 26-32
3. Hooke R.L., Martin-Duque J.F., Pedraza J., 2012. Land transfomation by humans: A review. GSA Today. 22(12), 4- 10.
4. Junjun C., Xijin X., Hylkema M.N., Zeng Y.E., Sly P.D., Suk W.A., Bergman A., Huo X., 2016. Early-life exposure to widespread environmental toxicants and health risk: A focus on the immune and respiratory systems. Annals of Global Health. 82(1), 119-131
5. Khan S., Cao Q., Zheng Y., Huang Y.Z., Zhu Y.G., 2008. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut. 152(3), 686-692.
6. Tavakoli-Hosseinabady B., 2018. Detoxification of Heavy Metals from Leafy Edible Vegetables by Agricultural Waste: Apricot Pit Shell. J Environ Anal Tox. 8(1), 548.
7. Raza A., Habib M., Kakavand S.N., Zahid Z., Zahra N., Sharif R., Hasanuzzaman M., 2020. Phytoremediation of Cadmium: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms. Biology. 9(7), 177.
8. Nasiru S., Murtala Y., Abba B., 2019. Heavy Metals Concentration and Human Health Risk Assessment in Groundwater and Table Water Sold in Tudun Murtala Area, Nassarawa Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 23(8) 1445-1448.
9. Ojedokun A.T., Bello O.S., 2016. Sequestering heavy metals from wastewater using cow dung. Water Res and Ind. 13, 7–13. http:// dx. doi. org /10.1016 j.wri. 2016.02.002.
10. Priyanka S., Panigrahi M., Singh S., Subha G., 2017. Antibiotic residues in milk- a serious public health hazard Journal of Environment and Life Sciences. 2(4), 99-102.
11. Razzagh M., Mahsa Khayyati Kohneh S., Mir-Hassan M., Reza N., 2015. Analysis of Adulteration in Raw Cow Milk Samples Collected From East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. International Journal of Food Nutrition and Safety. 6(3), 150-156
12. MahmoudI R., Ghojoghi A., Ghajarbeygi P., 2016. Honey Safety Hazards and Public Health. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 6(4), 249–267.
13. Gholizadeh E., Ziarati P., 2016. Remediation of Contaminated Rice Farmlands Soil and Oryza sativa Rice Product by Apple Pomace as Adsorbent. Bios Biotech Res Asia. 13(4), 2245-2253.
14. Lahiji F.A., 2016. Potential of Rice Husk Biosorption in Reduction of Heavy Metals from Oryza sativa Rice. Bios Biotech Res Asia. 13(4), 2231-2237.
15. Monisha J., Tenzin T., Naresh A., Blessy B.M., Krishnamurthy N.B., 2014. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 7(2), 60-72
16. Anastasio A., Caggiano R., Macciato M., Paolo C., Ragosta M., Paino S., Cortesi M.L., 2006. Heavy metal concentrations in dairy products from sheep milk collected in two regions of southern Italy. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 47, 69-74.
17. Sobia A., Rahila N., Ghazala H., Rizwani Gh., Syed Atif A., 2015. Determination of heavy metal contents by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in some medicinal plants from Pakistani and Malaysian origin. Pak J Pharm Sci. 28, 1781-1787.
18. Guo J., Yue T., Li X., Yuan Y., 2016. Heavy metal levels in kiwifruit orchard soils and trees and its potential health risk assessment in Shaanxi, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 23(14), 14560- 6.
19. Jan F.A., Ishaq M., Khan S., 2010. A comparative study of human health risks via consumption of food crops grown on wastewater irrigated soil (Peshawar) and relatively clean water irrigated soil (lower Dir). J Hazard Mater. 179(1-3), 612-621.
20. Abdi F., Atarodi Kashani Z., Mirmiran P., Esteki T., 2015. Surveying global and Iranian food consumption patterns: A review of the literature. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 5(2), 159-167. [In Persian]
21. Omar W.A., Zaghloul K.H., Abdel-Khalek A.A., Abo-Hegab S., 2013. Risk assessment and toxic effects of metal pollution in two cultured and wild fish species from highly degraded aquatic habitats. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 65(4), 753-764.
22. Tang W., Cheng J., Zhao W., Wang W., 2015. Mercury levels and estimated total daily intakes for children and adults from an electronic waste recycling area in Taizhou, China: Key role of rice and fish consumption. J Environ Sci. (China), 34,107-15.
23. Liang Q., Xue Z.J., Wang F., 2015. Contamination and health risks from heavy metals in cultivated soil in Zhangjiakou City of HebeiProvince, China. Environ Monit Assess. 187(12), 754.
24. Saha N., Zaman M., 2013. Evaluation of possible health risks of heavy metals by consumption of foodstuffs available in the central market of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Environ Monit Assess. 185(5), 3867-3878.
25. Cheney K., Gumbiner C., Benson B., Tenen- bein M., 1995. Survival after a severe iron poisoning treated with intermittent infusions of deferoxamine. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 33(1), 61–6.
26. Schwartz B.S., Lee B.K., Lee G.S., Stewart W.F., Lee S.S., Hwang K.Y., 2001. Associations of blood lead, dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead, and tibia lead with neurobehavioral test scores in South Korean lead workers. Am J Epidemiol. 153, 453-64.
27. Ogabiela E.E., Udiba U.U., Adesina O.B., Hammuel C., Ade-Ajayi F.A., Yebpella G.G., Mmereole U.J., Abdullahi M., 2011. Assessment of Metal Levels in Fresh Milk from Cows Grazed around Challawa Industrial Estate of Kano, Nigeria. Global J Pure Appl Sciences. 6(3), 325-331.
28. Abdallah M.I.M., 2011. Evaluation of some heavy metals residue in whole milk powder used at confectionary plant regarding the public health significance, Animal research institute, agricultural research center, Giza Egypt.
29. Garba S.T., Abdullahi S., Abdullahi M., 2018. Heavy metal content of cow's milk from Maiduguri metropolis and its environs, Borno State Nigeria. Am J of Eng Res. (AJER). 7(3), 63-73.
30. Rao M.V., Murthy A.H.C., 2017. Determination of Concentrations of Selected Heavy metals in Cow‘s Milk: Dodoma Urban District, Tanzania. Inter J Eng Res Appl. 7(4), 76-84.
31. Muhib M.I., Chowdhury M.A.Z., Easha N.J., Rahman M.M., Shammi Z., Fardous M.L., Uddin M.K., Kurasaki M., Alam M.K.,  2016. Investigation of heavy metal contents in Cow milk samples from area of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Inter J Food Contam. 3, 16.
32. Malhat F., Hagag M., Saber A., Fayz A.E., 2012. Contamination of Cows Milk by Heavy Metal in Egypt, Bulletin of Environ. Cont Toxicol. 88, 611–613
33. Wedler F.C., 1994. Biochemical and nutritional role of manganese: An overview. In: Klimis-Tavantzis DJ, editor. Manganese in health and disease. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press.pp. 1–36.
34. Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2003. Report of the 35th session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, Arusha, Tanzania.
35. Bandani H.M., Malayeri F.A., Arefi D., Rajabian M., Heravi R.E., Rafighdoosi L., Sepehrikiya S., 2016. Determination of Lead and Cadmium in cow‘s Milk and Elimination by Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Nutri Food Sci Res. 3(4), 57-62.
36. Mahmoudi R., Mardani K., Rahimi B., 2015. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Honey from North Western Regions of Iran. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 5(4), 251–256.