تأثیر سبک‌های والدگری بر اختلال سلوک (CD) با میانجی‌گری همدلی عاطفی و شناختی در دانش‌آموزان دورة متوسطه‌ اول

دانش و پژوهش در روان شناسی کاربردی

دوره 24، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 91، خرداد 1402، صفحه 93-108   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30486/jsrp.2022.1946682.3274

نویسندگان

سعیده هدایت¹؛ محمد نریمانی^{* 2}؛ سیف اله آقاجانی³؛ سجاد بشرپور⁴

¹دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی روان شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

²استاد ممتاز گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

³دانشیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

⁴استاد گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر سبک­های والدگری بر اختلال سلوک (CD) با میانجی­گری همدلی عاطفی و شناختی در دانش­آموزان دورة متوسطه اول انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل تمامی دانش­آموزان پسر متوسطه اول شهر کرمانشاه در سال تحصیلی 1399-1398 بود که تعداد 234 نفر از دانش­آموزانی که بالاترین نمرات را در پرسشنامه علائم مرضی کودکان (فرم والد) (Gadow & Sprafkin, 2007) کسب کردند و دارای بیشترین نشانه­های اختلال سلوک بودند، بر اساس روش نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای چندمرحله­ای به عنوان گروه نمونه انتخاب شدند و پرسشنامة والدگری آلاباما (Frick, 1991)، مقیاس بهره همدلی بارون-کوهن (Baron-Cohen & Wheelwrigh, 2004) را تکمیل کردند. برای پاسخگویی به فرضیه­ها از مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری بر روی نرم افزار LISREL استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها نشان داد که ضرایب مسیرهای مستقیم و غیر مستقیم در مدل پژوهش معنادار هستند (001/0>P). طبق یافته­های این پژوهش، سبک­های والدگری کارآمد و ناکارآمد و همدلی عاطفی و شناختی بر اختلال سلوک اثر مستقیم و معنادار دارند و سبک­های والدگری کارآمد و ناکارآمد نیز اثر مستقیم و معناداری بر همدلی عاطفی و شناختی دارند. همچنین سبک والدگری کارآمد (مؤلفه­های والدگری مثبت و مشارکت پدر) و سبک والدگری ناکارآمد (مؤلفه­های اقتدار، نظارت ضعیف و تنبیه بدنی) با میانجی­گری همدلی عاطفی و شناختی بر اختلال سلوک دانش­آموزان اثر غیر­مستقیم دارد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از این پژوهش می­توان نتیجه­گیری کرد که ارتباط مناسب بین والد و کودک، دستیابی به نمویافتگی عاطفی را در فرد میسر ساخته و توانایی همدلی و رفتار جامعه­پسند را در نوجوانان افزایش می­دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اختلال سلوک؛ سبک‌های والدگری؛ همدلی عاطفی؛ همدلی شناختی؛ دانش‌آموزان دورة متوسطه اول

مراجع

Abolghasemi, A. (2009). Validation and validity of the Empathy Interest Scale for high school students. Psychological Studies, 5(4), 25-29. [Persian]

Arefi, M., & Latifian, M. (2011). Investigating the role of empathy and Machiavellian beliefs in the social adequacy and inadequacy of students aged nine to twelve. Journal of Teaching and Learning Studies, 3(1), 61-82. [Persian]

Alipour, A., Asemi, Z., & Hosseini Yazdi, A. (2014). Comparison of the effectiveness of three neurofeedback intervention methods, parental behavior management training and combination therapy in reducing pediatric behavior syndrome. Journal of Applied Psychology, 8, 4(32), 79-94. [Persian]

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Gadow, K.D., & Sprafkin, J. (2007). The symptom inventories: An annotated bibliography (on- line). Available: www.Chechmateplus.com.

Ambrosui, F.D., Oliver, M.D., Besche, V. (2009). The basic empathy scale: Afrench validation of a measure of empathy in youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 4(6), 160-165.

Behroozy, N., Farzadi, F., Faramarzi, H. (2016). Investigating the Causal Relationship of Parents’ Physical and Emotional Violence with Anger Management and Aggressive Behavior of Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder Mediated by Parent-Child Relationship and Empathy. Journal ofChild Ment Health. 3(3), 43-58. [Persian]

Bayrami, M., hashemi, T., Poursharifi, H., & Andalib, M. (2017). Fitness of Causal- Structural Relationship of Parental Coercion and Blame Attributions with Delinquency by Mediating of Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Clients of Correction Centers. Social Cognition, 6(1), 43-66. [Persian]

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient (EQ). An investigation of adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163-175.

Baydar N., Akcinar, B. (2018). Reciprocal Relations between the Trajectories of Mothers’ Harsh Discipline, Responsiveness and Aggression in Early Childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(1): 83-97.

Desjerdins, J., Zdenski, J.M., & Coplan, R.J. (2008). An investigation of maternal personality, parenting style and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 587-597.

Decety J., chen, C. (2015). Socioemotional processing of morally-laden behavior and their consequence on others in forensic psychopaths. Human Brain Mapping, 6, 1-12.

De Sousa, A., Mcdonald, S., Rushby, J., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2011). Empathy after traumatic brain injury: the role of understanding deficits in responsivity. Cortex, 47(5), 526-537.

Darling, N. (1999). Parenting Style and Its Correlates. ERIC Digest: Elementary and Early Childhood Education Champaign, 1-7.

Dadds, M.R., Maujean, A., & Fraser, J.A. (2003). Parenting and conduct problems in children: Australian data and psychometric properties of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. Australian Psychologist, 38, 238–241.

Essau, C.A., Sasagawa, S., & Frick, P.J. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Alabama parenting questionnaire. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 595-614.

Frick, P.J., & Dantagnan, A.L. (2005). Predicting the stability of conduct problems in children with and without callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(4), 469-485.

Frick, P.J. (1991). The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. Unpublished rating scale, University of Alabama.

Garmsiri Mahvar A., Shokrzadeh, S. (2020). The impacts of parenting styles on the symptoms of conduct disorder among high school students in Pakdasht. QJFR. 16(4), 123-142. [Persian]

Gallo, D. (1989). Educating for empathy, reason and imagination. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 23(2), 98–115.

Goulter, N., McMahon, R., Pasalich, D.S., & Dodge, K.A. (2019). Indirect Effects of Early Parenting on Adult Antisocial Outcomes via Adolescent Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Callous Unemotional Traits. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1-13. Published online.

Holloway, S.D.‚ Nagase, A. (2014). Child rearing in jepan. In: H. Selin (ED). Parenting across cultures: child rearing, motherhood and fatherhood in non-western cultures. New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg.

Isa Nejad, A., & smaeili, f. (2017). Comparison of the effectiveness of positive parenting education and parental management on positive parenting styles and behavioral-emotional problems of children. Consulting Research, 16, 62, 98-125. [Persian]

Jiang, Q., Yang, Y.T., Liu, C.L., & Yuan, J.V. (2019). The differing roles of cognitive empathy and affective empathy in the relationship between trait anger and aggressive behavior: A Chinese college students survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 1-21. 

Jolliffe, D., & Farington, D.P. (2006). “Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis”. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441–476.

Kharidar, S., & Zeinali, A. (2019). The role of emotional and cognitive empathy in predicting job and burnout satisfaction of nurses. JNE, 7(5), 45-51. [Persian]

Keenan, K., Hipwell, A.E., Chung, T., Step, S., Stouthamer -Loeber, M., McTigue, K. & Loeber, R. (2010). The Pittsburgh Girls Study: Overview and initial findings. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(4), 506 -521.

Khani, R., & Haghayegh, S.A. (2019). The comparison of empathy and emotional facial recognition among children diagnosed with conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. JOEC. 18(4), 117-128.[Persian]

Louma, I. (2004). Form pregnancy to middle childhood: what predicts a child socio-emotional wellbeing? Academic dissertation.University of Tempere, medical school, Tempere University Hospital, Department of Child Psychiatry.

MacMahon, S.D., Wernsman, J., & Parens, A.L. (2006). Understanding prosocial behavior: The Impact of Empathy and Gender among African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 135-137.

Morelli, S., Lieberman, M.‚ Zaki, J. (2015). The emerging study of positive empathy. Soc Personal Psychol Compass, 9(2), 57–68.

Mohammadi, Z., & Amiri, Sh. (2016). Comparison of emotional perspective and empathy in bullying students and victims of bullying. Child Mental Health Quarterly, 3(1), 19-27. [Persian]

Mohades, N., Khanjani, Z., & Aghdasi, A. (2020). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on improving the social skills of male students with conduct disorder. Quarterly Journal of Analytical-Cognitive Psychology, 42, 69-57. [Persian]

Mohammadi, P., & Fooladchang, M. (2017). Parenting and aggression practices: The mediating role of problem solving styles. Journal of Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 14(54), 173-186. [Persian]

Mohammad esmaeil, A. (2002). Preliminary evaluation of validity and reliability and determination of cutting points of disorders in children's symptom questionnaire. Research in Exceptional Children, 2 (3), 254-239. [Persian]

Mandy, W., Skuse, D., Steer, C., Pourcain, B., Oliver, B.R. (2013). Oppositionality and socioemotional competence: interacting risk factors in the development of childhood conduct disorder symptoms. Journal of American Academy Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 52(7), 18-27.

NikoGoftar, M., & Mirghafari, S. (2020). The Relationship between Social Health and Parents' Psychological Capital with Social Behavior in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Empathy. Journal of Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 17(65), 95-107.[Persian]

Noordermeer, S.D., Luman, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging in Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) Taking Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Into Account. Neuropsychology review, 1(26), 44-72.

Najafi, M., FoladCheng, M., Alizadeh, H., Mohammadi Far, M.A. (2010). The rate of onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and Coping Disorder in Primary School Students. Research in the field of exceptional children, 9(3), 239-254. [Persian]

Pinquart, M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Develope Psychology, 53(5), 873-932.

Preston, S.D., Hofelich, A.J. (2012). The Many Faces of Empathy: Parsing Empathic Phenomena through a Proximate, Dynamic-Systems View of Representing the Other in the Self. Emotion review, 4(1), 24-33.

Rahbar Karbasdehi, A., Hossein Khanzadeh, A., & Rahbar Karbasdehi, F. (2016). The effect of cognitive-behavioral anger management training on inhibiting the response of students with conduct disorder. Journal of Exceptional Education, 17(3), 9-14.

Rieffe, C., Ketelaar, L., & Wiefferink, C.H. (2010). Assessing empathy in young children: construction and validation of an empathy questionnaire (EMQUE). Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 362-367.

Riess, H. (2015). The Impact of Clinical Empathy on Patients and Clinicians: understanding Empathy's Side Effects. Empathy and Moral Behavior, 6, 50-53.

Rinaldi, C.M., Howe, N.( 2012). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles and associations with toddlers’ externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(2), 266-273.

Salvatore, J.E., & Dick, D.M. (2018). Genetic influences on conduct disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 91-101.

Sabzi, N., Sheikh al-Islami, R. (2016). The mediating role of emotional development in the relationship between family communication patterns and empathy. Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 12(46), 153-141. [Persian]

Samani, S., & Behmanesh, Z. (2010). Comparison of family processes and actions in normal and delinquent adolescents. Social Security Studies, 23, 68-43.[Persian]

Samani, S. (2011). Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Alabama Parenthood Questionnaire. Psychological methods and models, 2, 5, 17-19.[Persian]

Sivaselvachandran, S., Acland, E.L., Abdallah, S., & Martin, L.J. (2018). Behavioral and mechanistic insight into rodent empathy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 130–137.

Strayer, J.,& Roberts, W. (2004). Empathy and observed anger and aggression in five year-olds. Social Development, 13(1), 1-13.

Soltani Azmat, A., Mohammadian, A., Kami, M., Jibraili, M., & Dolatshahi, b. (2016). Comparison of theory of mind and empathy in male and female students in Tehran University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Khatam Healing, 4, 2, 26-20.[Persian]

Satourian, S.A., Tahmasebian, K., & Ahmadi, M. (2016). The role of parenting dimensions and parent-child relationship in internalized and externalized behavioral problems of children. Research Family, 12, 48, 705-683.  [Persian]

Shokoohi Yekta, M., Akbar Zardkhaneh, S., Parand, A., & Pouran, F. (2012). Promote parent-child interaction by teaching new parenting techniques. Psychological methods and models, 2(10), 1-14. [Persian]

Schaffer, M., Clark, S., & Jeglic, E.L. (2009). “The Role of Empathy and Parenting Style in the Development of Antisocial Behaviors”. Crime & Delinquency, 55(4), 586-599.

Shelton, K.K., Frick, P.J., & Wootton, J. (1996). The assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-aged children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 317-327.

Shafiepour, Z., Sheikhi, A., Mirzaei, M., & Kazemnegad leili, E. (2016). Parenting styles and its relationship to children's behavioral problems. Comprehensive nursing, 25(76), 49-56. [Persian]

Shakeri, M., Jafari Nodooshan, A., & Kahdooi, S. (2020). The effectiveness of empathy training on aggression and quality of relationships with male student peers. School Psychology, 9(3), 120-138. [Persian]

Tan, T., Gelley, C., & Dedrick, R. (2015). Non-child-related family stress, parenting styles, and behavior problems in school-age girls adopted from china. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(10), 2881-2891.

Tousignant, B., Eugene, F., & Jackson, P.L. (2017). A developmental perspective on the neural bases of human empathy. Infant behavior and development, 48, 5-12.

Taher, M.‚ Abolghasemi, A.‚ & Narimani, M. (2016). The efficacy of empathy and anger management training based on cognitive-behavioral approach on adjustment in children with oppositional defiant disorder. School Psychology, 5(1), 26-47. [Persian].

Yoo, H., Feng, X., & Day, R. D. (2013). Adolescents empathy and prosocial behavior in the family context: A longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(12), 1858-1872.

Van Berkhout, E., Malouff, J. (2016). The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Counseling  Psychology, 63(1), 32-41.

Wied, M., Gispen-dewied, C., Boxtel A. (2010). Empathy dysfunction in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Eue Journal Pharmacol, 26(1), 97-103.

Zaki, J., Ochsner, K.N. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise. NatNeurosci, 15(5), 75-80.

Zalpour, Kh., Shahidi, Sh., Zarrani, F., Mazaheri, M., & Heidari, M. (2015). Empathy and cognitive emotion regulation in ph enotypes of narcissism. Payesh, 2, 239-247. [Persian]