Near surface cavities mapping using integrated geophysical techniques: Case study of Gadwalian dam, North Pakistan

Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences

مقاله 1، دوره 14، شماره 3، مهر 2022، صفحه 165-177   

نوع مقاله: Original Research Paper

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/ijes.2022.1947113.1690

نویسندگان

Waqar Ahmad^{* 1، 2}؛ Khaista Rehman²؛ Muhammad Farooq³؛ Asghar Ali⁴؛ Tanveer Ahmed²

¹School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China

²National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25130, Pakistan

³Department of Geology, University of Azad and Jammu Kashmir, Pakistan

⁴Department of Geology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan

چکیده

Integrated geophysical techniques have always been useful in identifying subsurface features. In the present study, three integrated geophysical methods of ground-penetrating radar (GPR), resistivity and Multi-channel Analysis (MASW) of surface waves have been utilized for near surface studies and identification of subsurface cavities near the Gadwalian dam. Acquisition of four inline and crossline profiles through GPR (100 MHz shielded antenna), two resistivity profiles through Imaging system and six seismic refraction profiles (MASW) have been made on the selected site having potential subsurface cavities. The processing and interpretation of GPR data through different software’s exhibit variations in amplitude/diffraction patterns and several cavities have been identified in the GPR profiles. Sweetness attributes applied on the GPR data set also validate the cavities and unsaturated/saturated fractures. Slate beds and cavities have also been identified on pseudosections obtained through resistivity imaging. Further studies on 2D shear velocity (Vs30) profiles using MASW analysis for interpretation suggested that the absence of low velocity layer in shallow surface and velocity increase with respect to depth.

کلیدواژه‌ها

GPR؛ ERT؛ MASW؛ near-surface cavities؛ pseudosection؛ dam studies

مراجع

1. Alastruey I, Alastruey J, Ayuso N, Cuchí J, Lera F, Mediano A, Molina P, Villarroel J, Viñals V, Carrasco F, Durán JJ (2002) Inducciónmagnética y técnicasasociadas en el estudiodel karst. In: Carrasco F, Durán JJ, Andreo B (eds) Karst and Environment 505-510.
2. Alemaw B, Keaitse E, Chaoka T (2016) Management of water supply reservoirs underuncertainties in arid and urbanized environments, Journal of Water Resource and Protection 8(11): 990-1009.
3. Andrus RD, Stokoe II KH (2000) Liquefaction resistance of soils from shear-wave velocity, Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-Environmental Engineering 126:1015-1025.
4. Azeem MW, Rehman K, Rehman NU, Farooq U, Arshad A. (2021) Delineation of sinkhole in evaporite deposits using electrical resistivity survey: a case study of southern Kohat Plateau, Pakistan, Arabian Journal of Geosciences 14(4):1-9.
5. Bessason B, Erlingsson S (2011) Shear wave velocity in surface sediments, Jökull 61: 51-64.
6. Butler DK, Llopis JL (1990) Assessment of anomalous seepage conditions, Geotechnical environment geophysics 2:153-173.
7. Cedergren HR (1997) Seepage, drainage, and flow nets. John Wiley & Sons, United States.
8. Chamberlain AT, Sellers W, Proctor C, Coard R (2000) Cave detection in limestone using ground penetrating radar, Journal of Archaeological Science 27(10):957-964.
9. Chinedu AD, Ogah AJ (2013) Electrical resistivity imaging of suspected seepage channels in an earthen dam in Zaria, North-Western Nigeria, Open Journal of Applied Sciences 3(1):145-154.
10. Cook JC (1965) Seismic mapping of underground cavities using reflection amplitudes, Geophysics 30(4):527-538.
11. Dobry R, Borcherdt RD, Crouse CB, Idriss IM, Joyner WB, Martin GR, Power MS, Rinne EE, Seed RB (2000) New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions, Earthquake Spectra 16(1):41-67.
12. Duffy BG (2008) Development of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) for Characterising the Internal Structure of Active Fault Zones as a Predictive Method of Identifying the Distribution of Ground Deformation. MSc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
13. El-Qady G, Hafez M, Abdalla MA, Ushijima K (2005) Imaging subsurface cavities using geoelectric tomography and ground-penetrating radar, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 67(3):174-181.
14. Farooq M, Park S, Song YS, Kim JH, Tariq M, Abrallam AA (2012) Subsurface cavity detection in a karst environment using electrical resistivity (er): a case study from yongweol-ri, South Korea Earth Sciences Research Journal 16(1):75-82.
15. Flohrer C, Pöpel M (1996) In Combination of a covermeter with a GPR-system: A tool for detecting prestressed bars in concrete structures, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar. 273-277.
16. Gambetta M, Armadillo E, Carmisciano C Stefanelli P, Cocchi L, Tontini FC (2011) Determining geophysical properties of a near surface cave through integrated microgravity vertical gradient and electrical resistivity tomography measurements, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 73(1):11-15.
17. Gibson, P, Lyle P, George D (2004) Application of resistivity and magnetometry geophysical techniques for near-surface investigations in karstic terranes in Ireland, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 66(2):35-38.
18. Hart BS (2008) Channel detection in 3-D seismic data using sweetness, AAPG Bulletin 92(6):733-742.
19. Hylland MD, Riaz M, Ahmad S (1988) Stratigraphy and structure of the southern Gandghar range, Pakistan, Geol Bull Univ Peshawar 21:1-14.
20. Hylland MD (1990) Geology of the Southern Gangadhar Range and Kherimar Hills, Northern Pakistan. MS Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
21. IBC I (2006) International building code. International Code Council, Inc. (formerly BOCA, ICBO and SBCCI) 4051:60478-65795.
22. Ilesanmi OM, Oladapo A, Olanike O, Steve AF, Oluseun B, William I (2013) Seismic refraction study of Gurara dam phase II, northwestern Nigeria, Journal of Geology and Mining Research 5(11):239-249.
23. Ismail A, Anderson N (2007) Near-surface characterization of a geotechnical site in north east Missouri using shear-wave velocity measurements, Near Surface Geophysics 5(5):331-336.
24. Jehangir Khan M, Ghazi S, Mehmood M, Yazdi A, Naseem AA, Serwar U, Zaheer A, Ullah H (2021) Sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro formation Rakhi Gorge, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan, Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 13 (4), 252-266.
25. Loke MH (2012) Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D electrical imaging surveys. GeotomoSoftware, Malaysia.
26. Loke MH (2015) Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D Electrical Imaging Surveys. GeotomoSoftware, Malaysia.
27. Łyskowski M, Mazurek E, ZITĘK J (2014) Ground Penetrating Radar Investigation of Limestone Karst at the Odstrzelona Cave in Kowala, ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE Mountains, Poland, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 76(3):184-190.
28. Mochales T, Casas A, Pueyo E, Román M, Pocoví A, Soriano M, Ansón D (2008) Detection of underground cavities by combining gravity, magnetic and ground penetrating radar surveys: a case study from the Zaragoza area, NE Spain, Environmental Geology 53(5):1067-1077.
29. Moreno FJM (2015) Detection and characterization of karstic caves: integration of geological and geophysical techniques. PhD dissertation, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
30. NEHRP Building Seismic Safety Council (2001) National Earthquake Hazards, Reduction Program (NEHRP) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures. Part 1–Provisions and Part 2–Commentary, Reports No. FEMA‐368 and FEMA‐369, prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
31. Nouioua I, Boukelloul ML, Fehdi C, Baali F (2013) Detecting sinkholes using ground penetrating radar in DrâaDouamis, Cherea Algeria: A case study, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 18:1337-1349.
32. Park CB, Miller RD, Xia J (1999) Multichannel analysis of surface waves, Geophysics 64(3):800-808.
33. Rehman K, Burton P, Weatherill G (2018) Application of Gumbel I and Monte Carlo Methods to assess seismic hazard in and around Pakistan, Journal of Seismology 22(3):575-588.
34. Reynolds JM (2011) An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics. John Wiley & Sons, USA
35. Robinson ES, Çoruh C (1988) Basic Exploration Geophysics. John Wiley, USA.
36. Rybakov M, Rotstein Y, Shirman B, Al-Zoubi A (2005) Cave detection near the Dead Sea-a micromagnetic feasibility study, The Leading Edge 24(6):585-590.
37. Riaz M, Hylland MD, Ahmad S, Ghauri A (1991) Structure and stratigraphy of the northern Gandghar range, Hazara, Pakistan, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences 24:71-84.
38. Seed H, Duncan J (1981) The Teton dam failure–a retrospective review. Soil mechanics and foundation engineering: proceedings of the 10th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Stockholm. pp 15-19.
39. Sjödahl P, Dahlin T, Johansson S (2009) Embankment dam seepage evaluation from resistivity monitoring data, Near Surface Geophysics 7(5-6):463-474.
40. Smith DL (1986) Application of the pole-dipole resistivity technique to the detection of solution cavities beneath highways, Geophysics 51(3):833-837.
41. Steeples DW, Miller RD (1987) Direct detection of shallow subsurface voids using high-resolution seismic-reflection techniques. In: Multidisciplinary conference on sinkholes and the environmental impacts of karst 2. pp 179-183.
42. Tahirkheli R (1971) The geology of the Gandghar Range, Distt. Hazara, NWFP, Geol Bull Univ Peshawar 6:33-42.
43. Thierry P, Debeblia N, Bitri A (2005) Geophysical and geological characterisation of karst hazards in urban environments: application to Orléans (France), Bulletin of EngineeringGeology and the Environment 64(2):139-150.
44. Veress M (2020) Karst types and their karstification, Journal of Earth Science 31(3):621-634
45. Wadia DN (1957) Geology of India. Mcmillan and Co, London.
46. Wills CJ, Petersen M, Bryant WA, Reichle M, Saucedo GJ, Tan S, Taylor G, Treiman J, (2000) A site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear-wave velocity, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90(6B): S187-S208.
47. Xia J, Miller RD, Park CB (1999) Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves, Geophysics 64(3):691-700.
48. Xu X, Zeng Q, Li D, Wu J, Wu X, Shen J (2010) GPR detection of several common subsurface voids inside dikes and dams, Engineering Geology 111(1-4):31-42.
49. Yeats RS, Hussain A (1987) Timing of structural events in the Himalayan foothills ofnorthwestern Pakistan, Geological society of America bulletin 99(2):161-176.