The Correlation of Blood Xylene Levels and Neurological Disorders among Informal Car Painters

Journal of Chemical Health Risks

دوره 13، شماره 1، خرداد 2023، صفحه 195-205   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jchr.2022.1942679.1432

نویسندگان

Arie Arizandi Kurnianto^{* 1}؛ Tri Martiana²؛ Nemeskéri Zsolt³؛ István Ágoston¹؛ Soedjajadi Keman⁴

¹Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary, 7621

²Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Indonesia, 60115

³Department of Cultural Theory and Applied Communication Sciences, Faculty of Cultural Studies, Teacher Training and Rural Development, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary, 7633

⁴Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Indonesia, 60115

چکیده

A provisional study was conducted to analyze the correlation of xylene exposure in the air at the workplace with levels of xylene in blood and neurological symptoms among informal car painting in Surabaya. This research was designed as an observational study and conducted by the cross-sectional technique involving 51 informal car painters. Neurologic symptoms were meant by the German version of the Q18 form while resolving xylene levels within the blood have measured with ELISA. This study has also observed the characteristics of workers and working activity factors. Significant correlations have been shown based on Pearson correlation analysis, which was the age, working period, and duration of work. Meanwhile, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the habit of using a PPE mask, smoking habits, and xylene levels in the blood were strongly considered to have a significant association with neurological symptoms in workers. Simple linear regression s used to analyze the correlation coefficient (R-square), which was 0.718. In conclusion, blood levels of xylene are related to neurological symptoms in informal car painters. The monitoring of xylene levels in the blood and the regular use of PPE masks demonstrated the relationship between xylene exposure and neurological symptoms.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Xylene exposure؛ Xylene in blood؛ Neurologic symptoms؛ Painters

مراجع

1. Burghila D., Bordun C.E., Doru M., Sarbu N., Badea A., Cimpeanu S.M., 2015. Climate change effects–where to next? Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 6, 405-412.
2. Arellano-Peralta V. A., Medrano-González L., 2015. Ecology, conservation and human history of marine mammals in the Gulf of California and Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico. Ocean & Coastal Management. 104, 90-105.
3. Novacek M.J., 2008. Engaging the public in biodiversity issues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (Supplement 1), 11571-11578.
4. Dimakakou E., Johnston H.J., Streftaris G., Cherrie J.W., 2020. Evaluation of the Suitability of an Existing Job–Exposure Matrix for the Assessment of Exposure of UK Biobank Participants to Dust, Fumes, and Diesel Exhaust Particulates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(14), 4919.
5. Sadhra S., Kurmi O., Chambers H., Lam K., Fishwick D., Group O.C.R., 2016. Development of an occupational airborne chemical exposure matrix. Occupational Medicine. 66(5), 358-364.
6. Tamers S.L., Streit J., Pana‐Cryan R., Ray T., Syron L., Flynn M.A., Castillo D., Roth G., Geraci C., Guerin R., 2020. Envisioning the future of work to safeguard the safety, health, and well‐being of the workforce: A perspective from the CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 63(12), 1065-1084.
7. Akram O., 2016. 384 Occupational health and safety in Bangladesh: an important cause and consequence of extreme poverty. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd
8. Harrell M., Selvaraj S.A., Edgar M., 2020. Danger! Crisis health workers at risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17(15), 5270.
9. Andualem Z., Azene Z.N., Azanaw J., Taddese A.A., Dagne H., 2020. Acute respiratory symptoms and its associated factors among mothers who have under five-years-old children in northwest, Ethiopia. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 25(1), 1-12.
10. Jafari M.J., Karimi A., Azari M.R., 2009. The challenges of controlling organic solvents in a paint factory due to solvent impurity. Industrial Health. 47(3), 326-332.
11. United States, A. f. T. S.; Disease, R.; Syracuse Research, C., Services, H., Toxicological profile for xylene. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6958/export? (Accessed October 15, 2020).
12. Furu H., Sainio M., Hyvärinen H.K., Akila R., Bäck B., Uuksulainen S., Kaukiainen A., 2012. Detecting chronic solvent encephalopathy in occupations at risk. Neurotoxicology. 33(4), 734-741.
13. Seo S., Kim J., 2018. An aggravated return-to-work case of organic solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 30(1), 1-6.
14. Dick F.D., 2006. Solvent neurotoxicity. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 63(3), 221-226.
15. Ekaputri S., Oginawati K., 2012. Hubungan Paparan Toluen Dengan Kadar Asam Hipurat Urin Pekerja Pengecatan Mobil (Studi pada bengkel Mobil Informal di Karasak, Kota bandung). Thesis. Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan. Institute Teknologi Bandung:Bandung, Indonesia.
16. Antonini J.M., Afshari A., Meighan T.G., McKinney W., Jackson M., Schwegler-Berry D., Burns D.A., LeBouf R.F., Chen B.T., Shoeb M., 2017. Aerosol characterization and pulmonary responses in rats after short-term inhalation of fumes generated during resistance spot welding of galvanized steel. Toxicology Reports. 4, 123-133.
17. Authority N.I.F.H., 2016. Code of Practice for Safe Working, Northern Ireland Fishery Harbour Authority.
18. Kandyala R., Raghavendra S.P.C., Rajasekharan S.T., 2010. Xylene: An overview of its health hazards and preventive measures. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP. 14(1), 1.
19. Rajan S.T., Malathi N., 2014. Health hazards of xylene: a literature review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 8(2), 271.
20. Uchida Y., Nakatsuka H., Ukai H., Watanabe T., Liu Y.T., Huang M.Y., Wang Y.L., Zhu F.Z., Yin H., Ikeda M., 1993. Symptoms and signs in workers exposed predominantly to xylenes. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 64(8), 597-605.
21. Unlu I., Kesici G.G., Basturk A., Kos M., Yılmaz O.H., 2014. A comparison of the effects of solvent and noise exposure on hearing, together and separately. Noise and Health. 16(73), 410.
22. Spurgeon A., Glass D.C., Calvert I.A., Cunningham-Hill M., Harrington J.M., 1994. Investigation of dose-related neurobehavioural effects in paintmakers exposed to low levels of solvents. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 51(9), 626-630.
23. Kuranchie F.A., Angnunavuri P.N., Attiogbe F., Nerquaye-Tetteh E.N., 2019. Occupational exposure of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) to pump attendants in Ghana: Implications for policy guidance. Cogent Environmental Science. 5(1), 1603418.
24. Gagnaire F., Marignac B., Blachere V., Grossmann S., Langlais C., 2007. The role of toxicokinetics in xylene-induced ototoxicity in the rat and guinea pig. Toxicology. 231 (2-3), 147-158.
25. Aswinprasath G., Sathyanathan M., Karthikeyan M., Visagavel K., Srinivasan P., Rajmohan P., 2016. Hazard and risk analysis in spray painting and powder coating of automobile industries. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences. 10(9 SE), 192-201.

26 Eiselen, Sue Catherine, 2007. Neuropsychological toxicology: a theoretical overview of neuropsychological assessment. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Pretoria: Hatfield, Pretoria

27. Gamble J., 2000. Low-level hydrocarbon solvent exposure and neurobehavioural effects. Occupational Medicine. 50(2), 81-102.
28. Kosseva M.R., 2009. Processing of food wastes. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 58, 57-136.
29. Pizzorno J.E.M.M.T., 2013. Textbook of natural medicine. Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. St. Louis, Mo.
30. Edem M., Akpan E., Pepple N., 2017. Impact of workplace environment on health workers. Occup Med Health Aff. 5(2), 1-5.
31. Liu F.F., Escher B.I., Were S., Duffy L., Ng J.C., 2014. Mixture effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) on lung carcinoma cells via a hanging drop air exposure system. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 27(6), 952-959.
32. Lessov-Schlaggar C.N., Benowitz N.L., Jacob P., Swan G.E., 2009. Genetic influences on individual differences in nicotine glucuronidation. Twin Research and Human Genetics.12(5), 507-513.
33. Fay M., Risher J., Wilson J.D., Toxicological profile for xylene. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6958 (Accessed October 15, 2020)
34. Kumeh O.W., Fallah M.P., Desai I.K., Gilbert H.N., Silverstein J.B., Beste S., Beste J., Mukherjee J.S., Richardson E.T., 2020. Literacy is power: structural drivers of child malnutrition in rural Liberia. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. 3(2), 295.
35. Rocha V., Soares S., Stringhini S., Fraga S., 2019. Socioeconomic circumstances and respiratory function from childhood to early adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 9(6), e027528.
36. Pekey H., Arslanbaş D., 2008. The relationship between indoor, outdoor, and personal VOC concentrations in homes, offices, and schools in Kocaeli, Turkey. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 191(1), 113-129.
37. Council N.R., Levels C.o.A.E.G., 2010. Hydrogen Sulfide Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 9: National Academies Press (US).
38. Mandiracioglu A., Akgur S., Kocabiyik N., Sener U., 2011. Evaluation of neuropsychological symptoms and exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene among two different furniture worker groups in Izmir. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 27(9), 802-809.
39. Choi H.S., Yang D.W., Rhee C.K., Yoon H.K., Lee J.H., Lim S.Y., Kim Y.I., Yoo K.H., Hwang Y.I., Lee S.H., 2020. The health-related quality-of-life of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and disease-related indirect burdens. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 35(5), 1136.
40. Suma'mur P.K., 2017. Higiene perusahaan dan kesehatan kerja (Hiperkes). Sagung Seto: Yogyakarta, Indonesia.