Analysis of Small-scale Commercial Integrated Agricultural Extension Barriers

International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development

مقاله 2، دوره 12، شماره 4، اسفند 2022، صفحه 283-301   

نوع مقاله: Research Article

نویسندگان

Seyyed Hassan Hosseini KheshteMasjedi¹؛ Sahar Dehyouri^{* 2}؛ Seied Jamal Farajolah Hosseini³؛ Maryam Omidi Najaf Abadi⁴

¹Ph.D. Candidate of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

²Agricultural Department, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University. Islamshahr, Iran

³Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

⁴Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده

Small-scale farmers face several obstacles to achieving small-scale integrated commercial agriculture. This study, in a descriptive-analytical method, investigates the barriers to small-scale integrated commercial agriculture. The statistical population involved all paddy farmers in Gilan province (N = 180106), that the sample size (n=422) was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table in stratified random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.89). Data analysis was performed by SPSS software and path analysis by Smart PLS software. The results of path analysis showed that the extension barriers have a direct effect on small-scale agriculture (β= 0.441) and integrated commercial agriculture (β= 0.401) and indirect effect on small scale integrated commercial agriculture (β = 0.541) and indirect (β = 0.91). According to the t value, the research hypothesis about extension barriers can be concluded that the effectiveness between independent and dependent variables is significant. Based on the results, the use of informed extension agents, reducing the non-extensional tasks of extension agents, and helping local organizations to reduce intermediaries are essential factors in removing obstacles to this type of agricultural system.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Extension Barriers؛ Integrated Commercial Agriculture؛ Small Scale Farming؛ Gilan Province

مراجع

Abdpour, A. (2019). Factors improvement of sustainable livelihoods from the perspective of local people, case study: Ardabil County. Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences, 19(54), 23-46.

Abedi, M., Allahyari, M. S., & Khodamoradi, S. (2011). Role of agricultural extension and education on rural womens trends toward micro-credits programs. African Journal of Business Management, 5(15), 6579-6585.

Afrakhteh, H., Hajipour, M., & Romiani, A. (2015). Optimizing patterns for cultivating agricultural products toward sustainable development (case study: Sahl-Abad plain). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 4(1), 41-55.

Ahmadi, S., Sadeghloo, T., & Shayan, H. (2020). Investigating and Analyzing Effective Factors on the Physical Landscape Change of Villages in Metropolitan Areas (Case Study: Northern villages of Mashhad Metropolitan). Journal of Rural Research, 10(4), 684-697.

Amini, A., & Taheri, A.-H. (2017). An analysis on the role-playing of rural women's economical activities and its determinants: the case of Simakan rural district in Jahrom county. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 12(2).

Anabestani, A. A., & Tolabi Nejad, M. (2019). Assessment and prioritization of agricultural marketing challenges using Fuzzy Analytical Network Process (case study: the central rural city Poldokhtar). Geographical Planning of Space, 8(30), 59-78.

Arib, Y. (2020). Identification and Analysis of Barriers to Employment for Educated Women in Afghanistan. Journal of Finance and Economics, 8(4), 171-182.

AZIZI, K. T., Karimi, G. H., & Akbarpour, M. (2017). Factors motivating Mazandaran farmers to attend extension educational programs at agricultural education centers.

Bennett, A., Draaijer, J., Dugdill, B., Lambert, J.-C., & Thapa, T. (2001). Report on the FAO E-mail Conference on Small-scale Milk Collection and Processing in Developing Countries 29 May to 28 July 2000. Animal Production Service, Animal Production and Health Division. FAO. Rome, Italy.

Binam, J. N., Place, F., Djalal, A. A., & Kalinganire, A. (2017). Effects of local institutions on the adoption of agroforestry innovations: evidence of farmer managed natural regeneration and its implications for rural livelihoods in the Sahel. Agricultural and Food Economics, 5(1), 1-28.

Chin, W. W. (2001). PLS-Graph user’s guide. CT Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, USA, 15, 1-16.

Chitsaz, E., Tajpour, M., Hosseini, E., Khorram, H., & Zorrieh, S. (2019). The effect of human and social capital on entrepreneurial activities: A case study of Iran and implications. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 6(3), 1393.

Choobchian, P., Kiamehr, M., & Maleki, A. (2017). Impediments to Adoption of Agricultural Technologies in Regions with Water Shortage from the Viewpoint of Farmers: The Case of Drip Irrigation in SALMAS. Innovation Management Journal, 6(3), 141-168.

Dhakshana, J., & Rajandran, K. (2017). A study on challenges faced by the farmers in direct marketing, the rural business series. Indian Journal of science and research, 14(1), 91-97.

Dhanushkodi, V., Padmadevi, K., Amuthaselvi, G., & Ravi, M. (2017). Contribution of Integrated Farming System for Livelihood Security of Tribal’s in Pachamalai Hill of Tiruchirappalli District. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 1-5.

Dhraief, M., Bedhiaf-Romdhania, S., Dhehibib, B., Oueslati-Zlaouia, M., Jebali, O., & Ben-Youssef, S. (2018). Factors affecting the adoption of innovative technologies by livestock farmers in arid area of Tunisia. FARA Res. Rep, 3(5), 22.

Ehsanifar, T., Shahmoradi, M., Moradian, P., Rostami Ghobadi, F., & Farahmand, K. (2018). Rural women's entrepreneurship development barriers (case study: women entrepreneurs of Lahijan County). Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, 5(1), 93-106.

Esfahani, A. K., Mirdamadi, S. M., Hosseini, S. J. F., & Lashgarara, F. (2019). Overseas cultivation: the complimentary approach for developing food security. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 25(1), 26-35.

FAGHFORY, H., & YAGHOUB, Z. S. (2016). CHALLENGES FACED BY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN KURDISTAN.

Gaugler, T., Stoeckl, S., & Rathgeber, A. W. (2020). Global climate impacts of agriculture: A meta-regression analysis of food production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276, 122575.

Gefen, D., Rigdon, E. E., & Straub, D. (2011). Editor's comments: an update and extension to SEM guidelines for administrative and social science research. Mis Quarterly, iii-xiv.

Ghaffari, S. H. H., & Sami'ee, M. Research Paper Investigation of the Influence of Teaching Entrepreneurship on Changing Students' Attitude towards Self-employment in Universities of Ali Abad Katoul City.

Ghambarali, R., Alibaygi, G., Rasekhi, B., Pezeshki, V., Ghasemi, S., & Akbari, Z. (2013). Challenges of sustainable rural development from perspective villagers. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 7(5), 253-258.

Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European business review.

Hosseini, S. A. (2019). Designing a policy model for the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) emphasizing on innovation (case: Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare).

Javan, F., Afrakhteh, H., & Riyahi, V. (2018). Investigation of the Potentials and Obstacles for Diversifying Livelihood Leading to Sustainable Rural Development (Case Study: Rezvanshahr County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 6(4), 91-106.

Karimzadeh, H., Zaheri, M., & Khaleghi, A. (2018). An Analysis of the Spatial Reflection of Rural Housing Reconstruction after an Earthquake (Case Study: Sina Dehestan of Varzeghan County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 7(1), 123-140.

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.

Latopa, A.-L. A., & Abd Rashid, S. N. S. (2015). Identifying the Causes of Decline in Youth Participation in Agricultural Empowerment Program Of Youth Integrated Training Farm, Malete, Kwara State.

Maziku, P., Hella, J., & Makindara, J. (2015). Effects of non tariff barriers on market participation for maize smallholder farmers in Tanzania.

Morris, W., Henley, A., & Dowell, D. (2017). Farm diversification, entrepreneurship and technology adoption: Analysis of upland farmers in Wales. Journal of rural studies, 53, 132-143.

Murendo, C., Nhau, B., Mazvimavi, K., Khanye, T., & Gwara, S. (2018). Nutrition education, farm production diversity, and commercialization on household and individual dietary diversity in Zimbabwe. Food & Nutrition Research, 62.

Musa, K., Van Niekerk, P., & Retief, C. P. (2018). Challenges of contract farming among small-scale commercial vegetable farmers in Eastern Cape South Africa. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 22(3), 195-206.

Najafabadi, M. O., Hosseini, J. F., & Mirdamadi, M. (2009). A Case Study of Requirements and Challenges of Information and Communication Technology System to Train Private Agricultural Insurance Brokers. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 6(2), 152-159.

Namdar, R., & Sadighi, H. (2013). Investigation of major challenges of rural development in Iran utilizing Delphi technique.

Nazarzadehzareh, M., Durrani, K., & Gholam Ali Lavasani, M. (2011). Obstacles and Problems of Agriculture Extension Traning Courses from Farmers Points of View Participating in the Extension Traning Courses Dezful City. Research in Curriculum Planning, 7(2), 3-15.

Nmadu, J. N., Sallawu, H., & Omojeso, B. V. (2015). Socio-economic factors affecting Adoption of Innovations by Cocoa Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria.

NUHOĞLU, H., & NUHOĞLU, M. (2007). System dynamics approach in science and technology education. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 4(2), 91-108.

Onder, S., Celebi, M., Altikatoglu, M., Hatipoglu, A., & Kuzu, H. (2011). Decolorization of naphthol blue black using the horseradish peroxidase. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 163(3), 433-443.

Osmani, A. G., & Hossain, E. (2015). Market participation decision of smallholder farmers and its determinants in Bangladesh. Економика пољопривреде, 62(1).

Pappa, E., Koutsouris, A., Ingram, J., Debruyne, L., Cooreman, H., & Marchand, F. (2018). Structural aspects of on-farm demonstrations: Key considerations in the planning and design process. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 6(3), 79-90.

Pourghasem, F., Alibaygi, A., & Papzan, A. (2019). Study of Environmental Knowledge and Behaviors of Rural Women in Kermanshah Province. Environmental Researches, 10(19), 205-217.

Roy, S., Banna, L., Mamun, S., & Farukh, M. (2013). Effects of industrial wastewater reuse for crop production: A case study in Tejgaon metropolitan area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 11(2), 183-188.

Sanjary, M. (2016). Study on Tea Exporting Situation of Iran (2014-2016).

Savari, M., Mirzaei, A., & Asadi, Z. (2021). Determination and Prioritization of Barriers to consolidation of Agricultural Land in Iran. Agricultural Economics Research, 1-33.

Sebatta, C., Mugisha, J., Katungi, E., Kashaaru, A., & Kyomugisha, H. (2014). Smallholder farmers’ decision and level of participation in the potato market in Uganda. Modern Economy, 2014.

Sharafi, K., Pirsaheb, M., Maleki, S., Arfaeinia, H., Karimyan, K., Moradi, M., & Safari, Y. (2018). Knowledge, attitude and practices of farmers about pesticide use, risks, and wastes; a cross-sectional study (Kermanshah, Iran). Science of the total environment, 645, 509-517.

Sharafi, L., Rezaei, R., Mirakzadeh, A., & Karamidehkordi, E. (2018). Investigation of measuring patterns of sustainability level in small and mid-sized businesses in agriculture. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Agriculture, 4(4), 1-20.

Sharma, N., & Singhvi, R. (2017). Effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on human health and environment: a review. International journal of agriculture, environment and biotechnology, 10(6), 675-680.

Tavakkoli, J., & Damanbagh, J. (2016). The Consequences of Ownership Conflict on Utilization of Agricultural Lands (Case Study: Mahidasht District of Kermanshah County). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5(3), 145-161.

Wambura, R., Doamekpor, P., Mwaseba, D., Msuya, C., Masinde, D., Mwanga, L., & Iranga, G. (2015). Promotion of agricultural innovation systems approach: policy implications for maize extension and advisory services in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14(2).

Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. Mis Quarterly, 177-195.

Wuni, I. Y., Boafo, H. K., & Dinye, R. D. (2017). Examining the non-participation of some youth in agriculture in the midst of acute unemployment in Ghana. Int J Mod Soc Sci, 6, 128-153.

Yaghoubi, J., & Zobeidi, T. Research Paper Assessing Reverse Migration's Motivations and Consequences in Ijroud County, Zanjan Prov-ince.

Yaghoubi, J., & Zobeidi, T. (2018). Assessing Reverse Migration's Motivations and Consequences in Ijroud County, Zanjan Province. Journal of Rural Research, 9(2), 196-209.

Yasouri, M., & Javan, F. (2015). Analysis of Limitation in Rural Economy Diversification Case: Upper Ashkevar in Rudsar County.