Abbasi, S., Afsharzadeh, S., Mohajeri, A., 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Natanz region (Kashan), Iran. J. Herbal Drugs 3(3), 147-156.
Achika, J.I., Arthur, D.E., Gerald, I., Adedayo, A., 2014. A review on the phytoconstituents and related medicinal properties of plants in the Asteraceae family. IOSR J. Appl. Chem. 7(8), 1-8.
Ahvazi, M., Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F., Charkhchyan, M.M., Mojab, F., Mozaffarian, V., Zakeri, H., 2012. Introduction of medicinal plants species with the most traditional usage in Alamut region. Iran. J. Pharm. 11(1), 185-194.
Al-Fattly, H.H.H.H., 2016. Study of antimicrobial effect for some extracts of Anabasis aphylla on Salmonella. Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci. 7(2), 1938-1942.
Amini Navaie, B., Kavoosian, S., Fattahi, S., Hajian-Tilaki, K., Asouri, M., Bishekolaie, R., Akhavan-Niaki, H., 2015. Antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the Achillea millefolium L. on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Int. Biol. Biomed. J. 1(3), 119-125.
Amiri, M.S., Joharchi, M.R., 2016. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Apiaceae family in Iran: A review. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 6, 621-635.
Asadollahi, M., Firuzi, O., Jamebozorgi, F.H., Alizadeh, M., Jassbi, A.R., 2019. Ethnopharmacological studies, chemical composition, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of essential oils of eleven Salvia in Iran. J. Herb. Med. 17, 100250.
Asri, Y., Jalili, A., Assadi, M., Dianatnejad, H., 2000. A contribution to the flora of Touran biosphere reserve. Pajouhesh-Va-Sazandegi 13(2), 4-19.
Assadi, M., 2006. Distribution patterns of the genus Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) in Iran. Iran. J. Bot. 12(2), 114-120.
Assadi, M., Maassoumi, A., Mozaffarian, V., 1988-2018. Flora of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications, Tehran.
Avramidou, M., Angst, F., Angst, J., Aeschlimann, A., Rossler, W., Schnyder, U., 2018. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal symptoms in young and middle-aged Swiss adults: prevalences and comorbidities in a longitudinal population cohort over 28 years. BMC Gastroenterol. 18(1), 21.
Azadmehr, A., Latifi, R., Mosalla, S., Hajiaghaee, R., Shahnazi, M., 2014. Immunomodulatory effects of Ziziphora tenuior L. extract on the dendritic cells. DARU 22, 63.
Azizi, H., Keshavarzi, M., 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sardasht, Western Azerbaijan, northwestern Iran. J. Herbal Drugs 6, 113-119.
Bahrami, G., Soltani, R., Sajjadi, S.-E., Kanani, M.-R., Naderi, R., Ghiasvand, N., Shokoohinia, Y., 2013. Essential oil composition of Ferula assa-foetida L. fruits from Western Iran. J. Reports Pharmaceutical Sci. 2, 90-97.
Bardaweel, S.K., Bakchiche, B., ALSalamat, H.A., Rezzoug, M., Gherib, A., Flamini, G., 2018. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and Antiproliferative activities of essential oil of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) from Algerian Saharan atlas. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 18(1), 201.
Bardsiri, A., Naderi, R., Amirahmadi, A., 2017. Plant diversity of Sarband Hunting Prohibited Area (Dibaj, Semnan Province). Taxonomy and Biosystematics 9(31), 1-28.
Barreto, R.S.S., Quintans, J.S.S., Amarante, R.K.L., Nascimento, T.S., Amarante, R.S., Barreto, A.S., Pereira, E.W.M., Duarte, M.C., Coutinho, H.D.M., Menezes, I.R.A., Zengin, G., Aktumsek, A., Quintans-Junior, L.J., 2016. Evidence for the involvement of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. (Lamiaceae) essential oil and (-)-alpha-bisabolol, its main compound, in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 191, 9-18.
Bashi, D.S., Fazly Bazzaz, B.S., Sahebkar, A., Karimkhani, M.M., Ahmadi, A., 2012. Investigation of optimal extraction, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Achillea biebersteinii and A. wilhelmsii. Pharm. Biol. 50(9), 1168-1176.
Bennett, B.C., Balick, M.J., 2014. Does the name really matter? The importance of botanical nomenclature and plant taxonomy in biomedical research. J. Ethnopharmacol. 152(3), 387-392.
Bhattarai, S., Chaudhary, R.P., Taylor, R.S., 2006. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the people of Manang district, central Nepal. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2, 41.
Boghrati, Z., Iranshahi, M., 2019. Ferula species: a rich source of antimicrobial compounds. J. Herb. Med. 16, 100244.
Chang, L., 2004. Epidemiology and quality of life in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 20, 31-39.
Davis, P.H., 1965-1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Island. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Dias, M.I., Barros, L., Duenas, M., Pereira, E., Carvalho, A.M., Alves, R.C., Oliveira, M.B., Santos-Buelga, C., Ferreira, I.C., 2013. Chemical composition of wild and commercial Achillea millefolium L. and bioactivity of the methanolic extract, infusion and decoction. Food Chem. 141(4), 4152-4160.
Dolatkhahi, M., Dolatkhahi, A., Bagher Nejad, J., 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in Arjan – Parishan protected area in Fars Province of Iran. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 4, 402-412.
Dolatkhahi, M., Ghorbani Nohooji, M., Mehrafarin, A., Amini Nejad, G.R., Dolatkhahi, A., 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kazeroon, Iran: identification, distribution and traditional usage. J. Med. Plant 2(42), 163-178.
Ehlin, A., Montgomery, S., Ekbom, A., Pounder, R., Wakefield, A., 2003. Prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases in two British national birth cohorts. Gut 52(8), 1117-1121.
Erhabor, C.R., Erhabor, J.O., McGaw, L.J., 2019. The potential of South African medicinal plants against microbial biofilm and quorum sensing of foodborne pathogens: A review. S. Afr. J. Bot. 126, 214-231.
Esmaeili-Mahani, S., Falahi, F., Yaghoobi, M.M., 2014. Proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects of Thymus caramanicus on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and Its interaction with anticancer drug vincristine. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014, e893247.
Farzad, M.A., 2013. A Complete Guide and Applied of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Sarva, Tehran.
Fayaz, M., 2016. Ecological Regions of Iran, Vegetation Types of Semnan Province. Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran.
Fierascu, I., Ungureanu, C., Avramescu, S.M., Fierascu, R.C., Ortan, A., Soare, L.C., Paunescu, A., 2015. In vitro antioxidant and antifungal properties of Achillea millefolium L. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett. 20, 10626-10636.
Ghaderi, S., Ghorbani, J., Jafarian, Z., Shokri, M., 2010. Identification of halophytic communities and their relationship with soil properties in rangelands of Sodkh [Sorkh] Deh in Damghan. Arid Biom Sci. Res. J. 1(1), 45-55.
Ghamari, F., Amirahmadi, A., Naderi, R. 2021. An Ethnobotany Study of some Medicinal Plants in Semnan City. 21th National & 9th International Congress on Biology. 16-18 Feb., Semnan Univeristy, Semnan.
Ghorbani, A., 2005. Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen Sahra, north of Iran (Part 1): general results. J. Ethnopharmacol. 102(1), 58-68.
Goudarzi, M., 2016. Distribution of Medicinal Plants in Semnan Province. Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran.
Hamzeloo-Moghadam, M., Khalaj, A., Malekmohammadi, M., 2015. Cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction of Hypericum scabrum L. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J. 17(10), e19453.
Handa, S. S., Rakesh, D. D., Vasisht, K. (2006). Compendium of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Asia. ICS UNIDO, Italy.
Hedberg, I., 1993. Botanical methods in ethnopharmacology and the need for conservation of medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 38, 121-128.
Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A., Seberg, O., 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books, New York.
Ibraheim, Z.Z., Ahmed, A.S., Gouda, Y.G., 2011. Phytochemical and biological studies of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Saudi Pharm. J. 19(2), 65-74.
IPNI, 2012. The International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org.
Iranbakhsh, A.R., Hamdi, S.M.M., Assadi, M., 2008. Flora, life forms and chorotypes of plants of Garmsar region in Semnan province. Pajouhesh-Va-Sazandegi 79, 179-199.
IUCN, 1986. Guidelines on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants. Media Natura, Gland, Switzerland.
Jafarinia, M., Jafarinia, M., 2019. A review of medicinal properties of some Asteraceae family plants on immune system. Rep. Health Care J. 5(2), 1-7.
Jahantab, E., Hatami, E., Sayadian, M., Salahi Ardakani, A., 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Boyer Ahmad and Dena regions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province, Iran. Adv. Herb. Med. 3(4), 12-22.
Jalali, M., Abedi, D., Asghari, G.R., Rezaie, Z., 2007. A study of anti-microbial effect of Pycnocycla spinosa's Fruit extracts. J. Mazandaran Univ. Med. Sci. 17(59), 76-86.
Jassbi, A.R., Miri, R., Asadollahi, M., Javanmardi, N., Firuzi, O., 2014. Cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of nine species of woundwort (Stachys) plants. Pharm. Biol. 52(1), 62-67.
Kadam, S., Chavhan, S., Shinde, S., Sapkal, P., 2018. Pharmacognostic review on Datura. Res. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacod. 10(4), 171-178.
Kalantari, H., Foruozandeh, H., Khodayar, M.J., Siahpoosh, A., Saki, N., Kheradmand, P., 2018. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Capparis spinosa L. fractions and Quercetin on tert-butyl hydroperoxide- induced acute liver damage in mice. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 8(1), 120-127.
Karimi, Z., 2009. An introduction to the flora, life form and plant chorology in Damghan rangelands. J. Agr. Sci. Nat. Res. 16(Special issue 1-a), 1-16.
Khajoei Nasab, F., Khosravi, A.R., 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Sirjan in Kerman Province, Iran. J. Ethnopharmacol. 154(1), 190-197.
Koc, S., Isgor, B.S., Isgor, Y.G., Shomali Moghaddam, N., Yildirim, O., 2015. The potential medicinal value of plants from Asteraceae family with antioxidant defense enzymes as biological targets. Pharm. Biol. 53(5), 746-751.
Komarov, V.L., 1934-1957. Flora of U. S. S. R. The Botanical Institute of Science of the U.S.S.R., Leningrad.
Lakić, N., Mimica-Dukić, N., Isak, J., Božin, B., 2010. Antioxidant properties of Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae) extracts. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. 5(3).
Lynch, N., Berry, D., 2007. Differences in perceived risks and benefits of herbal, over-the-counter conventional, and prescribed conventional, medicines, and the implications of this for the safe and effective use of herbal products. Complement. Ther. Med. 15(2), 84-91.
Mahboubi, M., Taghizadeh, M., Kazempour, N., 2014. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Pycnocycla spinosa extracts. Jundishapur J. Nat. Pharm. Prod. 9(3).
Mahdavi, P., Akhani, H., Van der Maarel, E., 2012. Species diversity and life-form patterns in steppe vegetation along a 3000 m altitudinal gradient in the Alborz Mountains, Iran. Folia Geobot. 48(1), 7-22.
Maleki, T., Akhani, H., 2018. Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal studies in Baluchi tribes: A case study in Mt. Taftan, southeastern Iran. J. Ethnopharmacol. 217, 163-177.
Masoudian, N., Asri, Y., Naderpour, M., 2009. A phytosociological study on the weed vegeration of fields in Damghan. Biol. J. Islam. Azad Univ. Garmsar Branch 4(1), 61-68.
Medeiros-Neves, B., Teixeira, H.F., von Poser, G.L., 2018. The genus Pterocaulon (Asteraceae) - A review on traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents and biological properties. J. Ethnopharmacol. 224, 451-464.
Moghadam, F.H., Mesbah-Ardakani, M., Nasr-Esfahani, M.H., 2017. Effects of oleo gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida L. on senescence in human dermal fibroblasts: - Asafoetida reverses senescence in fibroblasts. J. Pharmacopuncture 20(3), 213-219.
Mohammadhosseini, M., Frezza, C., Venditti, A., Sarker, S., 2021a. A systematic review on phytochemistry, ethnobotany and biological activities of the genus Bunium L. Chem. Biodivers. 18(11), e2100317.
Mohammadhosseini, M., Venditti, A., Frezza, C., Serafini, M., Bianco, A., Mahdavi, B., 2021b. The genus Haplophyllum Juss.: Phytochemistry and bioactivities—A review. Molecules 26(15), 4664.
Mosaddegh, M., Esmaeili, S., Hassanpour, A., Malekmohammadi, M., Naghibi, F., 2016. Ethnobotanical study in the highland of Alvand and Tuyserkan, Iran. Res. J. Pharmacogn. 3(1), 7-17.
Mosaddegh, M., Naghibi, F., Moazzeni, H., Pirani, A., Esmaeili, S., 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J. Ethnopharmacol. 141(1), 80-95.
Mozaffarian, V., 2009. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names, Latin, English, Persian. Farhang Moaser, Tehran.
Mozaffarian, V., 2015. Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran. Farhang Moaser, Tehran.
Muhammad, G., Hussain, M.A., Anwar, F., Ashraf, M., Gilani, A.H., 2015. Alhagi: a plant genus rich in bioactives for pharmaceuticals. Phytother. Res. 29(1), 1-13.
Naghibi, F., Mosaddegh, M., Mohammadi Motamed, S., Ghorbani, A., 2005. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iran. J. Pharm. 2, 63-97.
Nahar, L., El-Seedi, H.R., Khalifa, S.A.M., Mohammadhosseini, M., Sarker, S.D., 2021. Ruta essential oils: Composition and bioactivities. Molecules 26(16), 4766.
Omidbaigi, R., 2005. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Behnashr, Astan Quds Razavi Press, Mashhad, Iran.
Oshima, T., Miwa, H., 2015. Epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Japan and in the World. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 21(3), 320-329.
Pan, S.Y., Litscher, G., Gao, S.H., Zhou, S.F., Yu, Z.L., Chen, H.Q., Zhang, S.F., Tang, M.K., Sun, J.N. and Ko, K.M., 2014. Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014: 525340.
Pourmotabbed, A., Farshchi, A., Ghiasi, G., Malek Khatabi, P., 2010. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Teucrium chamaedrys leaves aqueous extract in male rats. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 13, 119-125.
Raei, F., Ghorbani Nohooji, M., Habibi, M., Ashoori, N., 2014. Antibacterial activity of alcoholic extracts of two Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae) species from Iran. J. Med. Plant 13, 39-45.
Rajaei, P., Mohamadi, N., 2012. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Hezar Mountain allocated in south east of Iran. Iran. J. Pharm. 11(4), 1153-1167.
Rechinger, K.H., 1963-2015. Flora Iranica. Akademische Druck-u.verlagsanstalt, Graz.
Rehman, K., Mashwani, Z.U., Khan, M.A., Ullah, Z., Chaudhary, H.J., 2015. An ethnobotanical perspective of traditional medicinal plants from the Khattak tribe of Chonthra Karak, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 165, 251-259.
Rezaei, A., Amirahmadi, A., Poozesh, V., 2022. Herbal research: Gaps affecting the quality and validity of research findings. J. Chem. Health Risks, doi: org/10.22034/JCHR.2022.1928476.1295.
Roadi, B., Mozaffarian, V., Fallahian, F., Khavarinejad, R., 2008. Medicinal plant of mountains area in the province of Semnan. Biol. Sci. (Danish-i Zisti-i Iran) 3(3), 1-6.
Sadat-Hosseini, M., Farajpour, M., Boroomand, N., Solaimani-Sardou, F., 2017. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants in the south of Kerman, Iran. J. Ethnopharmacol. 199, 194-204.
Sadeghi, Z., Kuhestani, K., Abdollahi, V., Mahmood, A., 2014. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. J. Ethnopharmacol. 153(1), 111-118.
Sadraei, H., Asghari, G., Hajhashemi, V., Nezami, M., 2006. Evaluation of cardiovascular effect of Pycnocycla spinosa Decne. ex Boiss. var. spinosa extract in anaesthetized rat. DARU 14(1), 11-14.
Sadraei, H., Asghari, G., Hekmatti, A.A., 2003a. Antispasmodic effect of three fractions of hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocycla spinosa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 86(2-3), 187-190.
Sadraei, H., Asghari, G., Naddafi, A., 2003b. Relaxant effect of essential oil and hydro-alcoholic extract of Pycnocycla spinosa Decne. ex Boiss. on ileum contractions. Phytother. Res. 17(6), 645-649.
Sadraei, H., Asghari, G., Khazae, M., 2009. Relaxant effect of four fractions separated from alkaloid extract of Pycnocycla spinosa on rat isolated ileum. Res. Pharm. Sci. 3(2), 9-14.
Sadraei, H., Asghari, G., Shams, M., 2011. Antidiarrheal action of hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocycla spinosa in comparison with loperamide and dicyclomine. Iran. J. Pharm. 10(4), 835.
Sefidkon, F., 2008. Strategic Program of Medicinal Plant Research. Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran.
Sharififar, F., Moharam Khani, M.R., Moatar, F., Babakhanlo, P., Khodami, M., 2014. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Joopar Mountains of Kerman province, Iran. J. Kerman Univ. Med. Sci. 20(1), 37-51.
Smith, E.R., 1978. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal disroders. Can. Fam. Physician 24, 1007-1011.
Srithi, K., Balslev, H., Wangpakapattanawong, P., Srisanga, P., Trisonthi, C., 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. J. Ethnopharmacol. 123(2), 335-342.
Suntar, I., 2014. The medicinal value of Asteraceae family plants in terms of wound healing activity. FABAD J. Pharm. Sci. 39, 21-31.
Takhtajan, A., 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. University of California. Berkeley, California.
Townsend, C.C., Guest, E., Al-Rawi, A., 1966-1985. Flora of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Baghdad.
Toyang, N.J., Verpoorte, R., 2013. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 146(3), 681-723.
Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., 1964-1980. Flora Europaea. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Vakili Shahrbabaki, S.M.A., 2016. The ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in (Dehe-lolo-vameghabadbidoieh) village. Kerman, Iran. J. Med. Plants By-products 1, 105-111.
Wang, Y., Lin, Z., Zhang, B., Nie, A., Bian, M., 2017. Cichorium intybus L. promotes intestinal uric acid excretion by modulating ABCG2 in experimental hyperuricemia. Nutr. Metab. 14, 38.
WHO, 2002. Traditional medicine Strategy 2002-2005. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Yazdanparast, R., Bahramikia, S., Ardestani, A., 2008. Nasturtium officinale reduces oxidative stress and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 172(3), 176-184.
Yousefi, M., 2007. Flora of Iran. Payam-e-Noor Press, Tehran.
Zakeri, A., Naderi, R., Poozesh, V., 2019. An investigation of plant species distribution in Semnan province (Case study: Herbarium of Damghan University). J. Plant Res. (Iran. J. Biol.) 33(4): 817-827.
Zargari, A., 1989-1991. Medicinal Plants. Tehran University Press, Tehran.
Zohary, M., 1973. Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Gostav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart/Swets and Zeitlinger, Amsterdam.
