Implementation of Reciprocal-scaffolding Treatment in Virtual Learning Context: Iranian EFL Learners’ Listening and Speaking Skills

Journal of New Trends in English Language Learning

دوره 1، شماره 3، دی 2022، صفحه 87-97   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/jntell.2022.698800

نویسندگان

Marzieh Sabzevari¹؛ Neda Fatehi Rad^{* 2}؛ Masoud Tajaddini³

¹Department of English Language, Maybod Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maybod, Iran

²English Department, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

³English Department, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

چکیده

This study was an endeavor to implement and investigate reciprocal-scaffolding treatment in virtual EFL learning context. More specifically, it analyzed the effect of reciprocal-scaffolding online treatment on Iranian EFL learners’ oral skills. After running placement test, 36 students formed the sample and they were randomly classified into two groups of experimental (EG=18) that received the mentioned treatment and control (CG=18) that were instructed using traditional teaching procedures. The data gathering tools included a homogeneity test, pretests and posttests in listening and speaking skills. The study was conducted in 16 sessions and the experimental group members received reciprocal-scaffolding strategies instruction in their speaking and listening courses, while the control group members practiced these two skills devoid of such instruction. The results of independent samples t-tests and paired t-tests performed on pretests and posttests revealed that the learners in the treatment group outperformed those in control group in both oral language skills.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Reciprocal-scaffolding Treatment؛ Virtual Learning؛ Listening؛ Speaking

مراجع

Ahmadi, M. R. (2016). The Effects of Reciprocal Teaching Strategy on Reading Comprehension, Motivation and Metacognition Among Iranian EFL University Learners (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia).

Ahmadi, M., & Gilakjani, A. (2012). Reciprocal teaching strategies and their impacts on English reading comprehension. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(10), 2053-2060.

Arif, A. (2016). Increasing The Students’ reading Comprehension by Using Reciprocal Teaching Strategy. Journal Pendidikan Bahasa, 3(1), 1-14.

Badakhshan, S., Motallebzadeh, K., & Maftoon, P. (2021). Reflective Reciprocal Teaching: A Technique for Improving EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 9 (38), 39-63.

Bruner, J. (1983). Child’s Talk. New York: Norton.

Dokur, K. (2017). The impact of reciprocal teaching strategies on language proficiency of young EFL learners. Unpublished master thesis, Cukurova University, Adana.

Hacker, D & Tenet, A. (2002). Implementing reciprocal teaching in the classroom: Overcoming obstacles and making modifications. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94 (4), 699-718.

Hart, E. R., & Speece, D. L. (1998). Reciprocal teaching goes to college: Effects for postsecondary students at risk for academic failure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90 (4), 670.

Hashey, M. & Conners, D. (2003). Learn from our journey: Reciprocal teaching action research. The Reading Teacher, 57 (3), 224-232.

Herlina, N. (2017). the Use of Reciprocal Strategy in Teaching Reading Comprehension. Proceedings of ISELT FBS Universitas Negeri Padang, 5, 105-112.

Izadi, M., & Nowrouzi, H. (2016). Reciprocal teaching and emotional intelligence: A study of Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension. The Reading Matrix: An International Online Journal, 16 (1), 133-147.

Kula, S. S., & Budak, Y. (2020). The effects of reciprocal teaching on reading comprehension, retention on learning and self-efficacy perception. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 10 (2), 493-522.

Macintyre, P & Gardner, R. (1991) Investigating language class anxiety using the focused essay technique. Modern Language Journal, 75 (3), 296-304.

Munawir, A., Khair, U., & Putriani, N. (2022). The Impact of Using a Reciprocal Teaching Strategy on Reading Comprehension by Prospective Teachers. ETDC: Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review, 1(2), 169-175.

Myers, P. (2006). The princess storyteller, Clara Clarifier, Quincy Questioner, and the Wizard: reciprocal teaching adapted for kindergarten students. The Reading Teacher 59 (4), 48-57.

Rajabi, P., Mahmoodi, K., & Hosseini, S. A. (2021). Flipped classroom model and its impact on Iranian EFL learners’ classroom anxiety and listening performance. Computer-Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal (CALL-EJ), 22 (3), 1-16.

Razaghi, M., Bagheri, M. S., & Yamini, M. (2019). The Impact of Cognitive Scaffolding on Iranian EFL Learners' Speaking Skill. International Journal of Instruction, 12(4), 95-112.

Safa, M. A., & Rozati, F. (2017). The impact of scaffolding and non-scaffolding strategies on the EFL learners' listening comprehension development. The Journal of Educational Research 110(5), 1-10.

Slater, W. & Horstman, F. (2002). Teaching reading and writing to struggling middle school and high school students: The case for reciprocal teaching.  Preventing School Failure, 3(2), 163-166.

Spivey, N. R., & Cuthbert, A. (2006). Reciprocal Teaching of Lecture Comprehension Skills in College Students. Journal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6(2), 66-83.

Stricklin, K. (2011). Hands-on reciprocal teaching: A comprehension technique. The Reading Teacher, 64 (8).

Taka, S. D. (2020). The Efficacy of Using Reciprocal Teaching Technique in Teaching Reading to Indonesian English as Foreign Language Students. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 8 (1), 197-206.

Talebi, Z. (2018). An investigation of reciprocal teaching on EFL learner's reading comprehension. Journal of Reading, Continues Learning and Scientific Behavior, 1(2), 109-121.

Talebinejad, M. R., & Akhgar, F. (2015). The impact of teacher scaffolding on Iranian intermediate EFL learner's listening comprehension achievement. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5 (5), 1101.

Tsai, S. C. (2022). Learning with mobile augmented reality-and automatic speech recognition-based materials for English listening and speaking skills: Effectiveness and perceptions of non-English major English as a foreign language student. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 2 (1), 27-56.

Todd, R. B., & Tracey, D. H. (2006). Reciprocal Teaching and Comprehension: A Single Subject Research Study. Online Submission.

Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., & Beishuizen, J. (2010). Scaffolding in teacher–student interaction: A decade of research. Educational psychology review, 22 (3), 271-296.

Vera, F. (2004). Reciprocal Teaching: A Useful Tool in Increasing Student-Talking Time. Forum April.

Yawisah, U. (2017). Reciprocal Teaching: One of the methods for poor comprehension. Pedagogy: Journal of English Language Teaching, 1(1), 21-25.

Zuhra, C. M., Muslem, A., & Daud, B. (2022). The effectiveness of reciprocal scaffolding technique on students’ writing skill. English Education Journal, 13 (1), 92-105.