The use of non-conventional waters, including sewage and treated wastewater, in the agricultural sector

Journal of Water Science & Engineering

دوره 12، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 37، بهمن 2022، صفحه 88-77   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

نویسندگان

Hamed Poursamsam^* ؛ Behrouz Ghamarzadeh

چکیده

    The lack of fresh water sources as well as the decrease in the quality of water in the agricultural sector has necessitated the need to find new sources for use in irrigation. In this regard, using unconventional waters is one of the upcoming options. Reusing the drainage of agricultural lands as an accessible non-conventional water source is one of the ways to solve the shortage of water resources. Unconventional water resources have the potential to increase available water resources and reduce the gap between the availability and demand of fresh water in the future in water-scarce countries. Utilizing the capacity of non-conventional water resources is an example of moving towards efficient and sustainable water management solutions, which is expected to change water management and gradually shift reliance in water-scarce areas from conventional to non-conventional sources. Considering the importance of the subject, in this research, the use of unconventional waters, including drainage and treated wastewater, in the agricultural sector has been investigated by introducing the situation of drainage in Khuzestan province.

کلیدواژه‌ها

unconventional waters؛ drainage؛ Khuzestan

مراجع

بهادرخواه، ف. و کاظمینی، ع. ر. (1393). اثر شوری و روش کاشت بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و درصد روغن دانه دو رقم گلرنگ (Carthamustinctorius L.) بهاره. نشریه پژوهش­ های زراعی ایران، دوره 12، شماره ۲، ص 264-272.

 جمالی، ص.، شریفان، ح.، هزار جریبی، ا. و سپهوند، ن .ع. (1395). بررسی تأثیر سطوح مختلف شوری بر جوانه‎زنی و شاخص‌های رشد دو رقم گیاه کینوا. نشریه حفاظت منابع آب و خاک (علمی – پژوهشی)، دوره 6، شماره 1، ص 98-87.

گلابی، م.، الباجی، م. و ناصری، ع. ع. (1392). امکان ‎سنجی کاربرد زهاب شبکه ‎های آبیاری و زهکشی تحت پوشش شرکت بهره‎ برداری کرخه و شاوور با استفاده از مدل مدیریتی SALTMED. پژوهش آب ایران، دوره 7،  شماره 1، ص 119-111.

Abdel-Gawad, S. T., Abdel-Khalek, M. A. and Boels, D. (1991). Analysis of water management in the eastern Nile Delta: final report reuse model. Cairo, Egypt, and Wageningen, The Netherlands. Drainage Research Institute and DLO-Winand Staring Centre. Reuse of Drainage Water Project Report, 245p.

Anonymous. (2022). Data for Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Jordan, Egypt, Arab Rep., Lebanon.

Anonymous. (2016). Food and Agriculture Organization—AQUASTAT Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; FAO: Rome, Italy.

Barnes, J. (2014). Mixing waters: The reuse of agricultural drainage water in Egypt. Geoforum, 57, pp: 181-191.

Hussain, M. I., Muscolo, A., Farooq, M. and Ahmad, W. (2019). Sustainable use and management of non-conventional water resources for rehabilitation of marginal lands in arid and semiarid environments. Agricultural Water Management, 221, pp: 462-476.

Khan, M.M., Siddiqi, S.A., Farooque, A.A., Iqbal, Q., Shahid, S.A., Akram, M.T., Rahman, S., Al-Busaidi, W. and Khan, I. (2022). Towards Sustainable Application of Wastewater in Agriculture: A Review on Reusability and Risk Assessment. Agronomy, 12 (6), pp: 1397.

Qureshi, A.S. (2020). Challenges and Prospects of Using Treated Wastewater to Manage Water Scarcity Crises in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Water, 12 (7), pp: 1971.

Razzaghi, F., Ahmadi, S.H., Adolf, V.I., Jensen, C., Jacobsen, S.E. and Andersen, M. (2011). Water relations and transpiration of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under salinity and soil drying. Journal of agronomy and crop science, 197 (5), pp: 348-360.

Ritzema, H.P. and Braun, H.M.H. (2006). Environmental impact of drainage. In: Ritzema, H.P. (Ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications, 16, 3rd edition. ILRI Publication, Alterra-ILRI, Wageningen, pp: 1041–1064.

Ritzema, H.P. and Stuyt, L.C.P.M. (2015). Land drainage strategies to cope with climate change in the Netherlands. Acta Agriculture Scandinavia, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 65, pp: 80- 92.

Ritzema, H.P. (2016). Drain for Gain: Managing salinity in irrigated lands—a review. Agricultural Water Management, 176, pp: 18-28.

Snellen, W.B. (1997). Towards integration of irrigation and drainage management: information on symposium background, objectives and procedures. In W.B. Snellen, ed. “Towards integration of irrigation and drainage management” Proceedings of the Jubilee Symposium. Wageningen, The Netherlands, ILRI.

Weiss, E.B. (1992). United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. International Legal Materials, 31(4), pp: 814-817.