ارائۀ الگوی بهره ‌وری مبتنی بر سرمایۀ اجتماعی با استفاده از رویکرد فراترکیب

مدیریت بهره‌وری

دوره 17، 4(67)زمستان، دی 1402، صفحه 137-175   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/qjopm.2022.1962985.3407

نویسندگان

علی حیدرنژاد¹؛ سید محمدباقر جعفری^{* 2}؛ جعفر رحمانی³؛ حسن زارعی متین⁴

¹دانشجوی دکتری گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی، پردیس بین المللی ارس، دانشگاه تهران، ایران

²دانشیار گروه مدیریت صنعتی ،دانشکده مدیریـت و حسابداری، دانشکدگان فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.

³دانشـیارگروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکـده مدیریت، مؤسسه آموزش عالی طلوع مهر، قم، ایران

⁴استاد گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشکدگان فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران

چکیده

بر اساس گزارش های سازمان بهره‌وری آسیایی(APO)، شاخص بهره‌وری کل عوامل تولید  (TFP)   ایران در مقایسه با اکثر کشورهای آسیایی و برخی کشورهای مرجع، در افق بلند مدت ۵۰ ساله تنها یک درصد رشد داشته و رشد بهره‌وری نیروی کار -در دوره زمانی ۲۰۱۰ تا 2019- از همه کشورهای آسیایی کمتر بوده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائۀ الگوی بهره‌وری مبتنی بر سرمایۀ اجتماعی انجام گرفته است؛ در این پژوهش با استفاده از رویکرد تحلیل کیفی فراترکیب و نرم افزار MaxQDA پس از انتخاب 79 پژوهش از بین580 پژوهش پیشین، ابعاد، مؤلفه ها و شاخص های الگو، استخراج و شناسایی گردید. بر اساس یافته های پژوهش، الگوی پیشنهادی شامل 9 بعد، 24 مقولۀ اصلی و 163 مقولۀ فرعی (کد) می باشد. بررسی میزان اهمیت و تأکید پژوهش های گذشته بر هر یک از مقوله های اصلی با استفاده از روش آنتروپی شانون نشان داد: "رشد و بلوغ" و "برنامه های اقتصادی" از بین 24 مقولۀ شناسایی شده، به‌ترتیب دارای بیشترین و کمترین اهمیت هستند. پیشنهاد می شود: کلیه مدیران با استخدام مشاوران خبره و ایجاد ادارۀ اختصاصی مدیریت بهره وری، فرآیند مدیریت سرمایۀ انسانی را متناسب با الگوی بهره‌وری مبتنی بر سرمایۀ اجتماعی بروزآوری نمایند. سپس ضمن ارزیابی دوره‌ای بهره‌وری بر مبنای الگوی پیشنهادی، تمامی پرداخت ها، پاداش ها و ترفیع و انتصاب کارکنان و بویژه مدیران، بر اساس میزان تلاش و مشارکت آنها در جهت افزایش سرمایۀ اجتماعی (سطح مشارکت و همکاری تیمی، برقراری ارتباطات صمیمانه و شبکه ای، صداقت ...) و بهره‌وری صورت پذیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بهره وری؛ سرمایه اجتماعی؛ فراترکیب؛ آنتروپی شانون

مراجع

Abbott, Malcolm & et al. (2019) "Evaluating the labour productivity of social enterprises in comparison to SMEs in Australia". Social Enterprise Journal, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 179-194.  doi:org/10.1108/SEJ-09-2018-0064

Acquaah, M. Gyampah, K. Nyathi, N. (2014). measuring and valuing social capital. etwork for Business Sustainability South Africa., 1-96.

Adam, Frane, and Borut Roncevi. (2003). Social capital: recent debates and research trends.Social Science Information 42(2):155–183.doi:org/10.1177/ 0539 018403042002001

Akcomah, S. (2008). The Impact of Social Capital on Economic and Social Outcomes. Published by Universitaire Pers Maastricht, 1-255.

Akintimehin, Olamide Oluwabusola & et al. (2019). Social capital and its effect on business performance in the Nigeria informal sector. Helion Journal, 5(7), 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02024

Allen, Meredith H., (2020). A Probability Model of the Coincident Economic Indicators. Honors Theses. Paper 1800

Allen, Meredith H., (2021). Social Capital UnMASCed: The Role of Social Capital in State-  Level Economic Growth. Honors Theses. 1-47.

Alirezaei, A. Paktinat, I. (2017). Investigating the Relationship between Social Capital and Intellectual Capital with Staff Productivity (Case Study Kerman University of Medical Sciences). International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 5: 85-99.

Amini Sedeh, Amirmahmood., Abootorabi, Hooman, & Zhang, Jing (2020). National social capital, perceived entrepreneurial ability and entrepreneurial intentions. National and Social Science Volume 8 ~ Issue 12 (2020) pp: 34-39 ISSN Online) :2321-9467. doi. 10.1108/IJEBR-10-2019-0616

Andersson, Anton, Christofer Edling, and Jens Rydgren.(2018). The intersection of class origin and immigration background in structuring social capital: the role of transnational ties. British Journal of Sociology 69:123. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12289

Asad, M., Haider, S. H., & Fatima, M. (2018). Corporate social responsibility, business ethics, and labor laws: a qualitative study on SMEs in Sialkot. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(3), 1-7.

Asian Productivity Organization (APO) PRODUCTIVITY DATABOOK (2020). doi:10.61145/DJQX5383

Banai, Amir Hossein Zarei Matin, Hassan Mazinani, Sarah. (1398). A systematic look at the concept of social capital. Social Capital Management,1:59-84 [In Persian].doi:10.22059/JSCM.2020.302590.2007

Bayat, M. Kheiri, H. Puryani, M. (2020). An Investigation of the Effect of Markazi Province NGOs’ Social Capital on Democracy. Social Capital Management, 7: 1-25. [In Persian]. doi:10.22059/JSCM.2020.290257.1919

Behtoui, Alireza. (2007). The distribution and return of social capital: evidence from Sweden. European Societies 9(3):383–407. doi:10.1080 /1461 66 90 701314093

Bergmann, Nadja, Alexandra Scheele, and Claudia Sorger. (2019). Variations of the same? A sectoral analysis of the gender pay gap in Germany and Austria. Gender, Work & Organization 16(5):668–687.

Bjørnskov, C.(2006). Determinants of generalized trust: a cross-country comparison. Public Choice 130, 1–21. doi:10.1007/s11127-006-9069-1

Bjørnskov, C. (2009). Social trust and the growth of schooling. Econ. Educ. Rev. 28, 249–257. doi:org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.09.013

Bjørnskov, C., and Méon, P.-G. (2015). The productivity of trust. World Dev. 70, 317–331. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.015

Boudreaux, C. Clarke, G. (2021). Social capital and small business productivity: The mediating roles of financing and customer relationships. Texas A&M International University, 1-45. doi:10.1007/s11187-021-00560-y

Bouzdine, T. Longnier, M. (2004). The role of social capital within business networks: analysis of structural and relational arguments. The Fifth European Conference on Organisational Knowledge, Learning and Capabilities, 1-26.

Casey, T. Kevin C. (2005). Social Capital and Economic Performance in the American States. Social Science Quarterly 86(4): 826-845. doi:10.1111/ j.0038-4941.2005.00358.x

China Social Survey (2015). Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Available online at: http://css.cssn.cn/css_sy/zlysj/lnsj/201706/ t20170615_3551582.html

Chou, Y. (2006). Three simple models of social capital and economic growth. The Journal of Socio-Economics,35:889-912.doi:10.1016/j.socec.2005.11. 053

Coleman, James. (1994). Foundations of social theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1-1014. ISBN 9780674312265

Coleman, James. (2000). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology 94(1):95–120.  URL: http://www. jstor.org/ stable/ 2780243Accessed

Cuong L. Anh Ngoc N. Ngoc-Minh N. (2014). Growth Strategy with social Capital and Physical Capital- Theory and Evidence: The Case of Vietnam. Maison des Sciences Économiques, 13: 106-126. doi:10.1111/jpet.12305

Czajkowski, M., Hanley, N., and Nyborg, K.(2015). Social norms, morals and selfinterest as determinants of pro-environment behaviours: the case of household recycling.Environ.Resour.Econ.66,647–670.doi:10.1007/s10640 -015-9964-3

Damari, B.  Almadani, H. Mirzaei, H. Rahbari Bonab, M.(2020). The situation of social capital among workers in the industrial environments in Iran. Iran Occupational Health. 2020 (5 Dec);17:44. [In Persian]

Dzieńdziora, Joanna & Smolarek, Małgorzata (2019). Human capital as a            determinant of strategic human resources management in public administration on the example of Poland. Problems of management in the 21st century, 1(14), 1. doi:10.33225/pmc/19.14.32

Engbers, Trent, Michael Thompson, and Timothy Slaper.(2017). Theory and measurement in social capital research. Social Indicators Research 132:537–558. doi: 10.1007/s11205-016-1299-0

Entezar, M. Adibpour, M. Ghavidel,S.(2016). The Effect of Social Capital on Workforce Productivity. Journal of Economics and Finance, 4: 108-110. doi:10.9790/5933-070401108110

Erickson, Bonnie H. (2004). The distribution of gendered social capital in Canada. In Creation and return of social capital, ed. Henk Flap, Beate Völker. London: Routledge, 1-304. doi:10.4324/9780203643648

Farhadi, Ali Jalalabadi, Mustafa. (2019). Providing a model for improving the productivity of human resources in one of the country's defense units.

Journal of Military Science and Technology, 5: 135-156. [In Persian]

Faghfouri Aza, A, Bakui,F, Mahdavi Adeli, M. H, Radar, R, Afshar Kazemi, M (2019) Designing a dynamic model for social capital analysis with  systems dynamics approach, Vol. 6 No. 4,PP. 445-473. doi:10.22059/ JSCM.2019. 282916.1866

Florin, J. Lubaktin, M.(2003). A social capital model of high-growth ventures. Acadenty of Management fournal. 5: 1-12. doi :10.5465/30040630

Foster, Mary, Agnes Meinhard, and Ida Berger.(2003). The role of social capital: bridging, bonding or both? Working Paper Series (1). Ryerson University: Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, 1-14.

Fritsch, Nina-Sophie, Roland Verwiebe, and Bernd Liedl. (2019). Declining gender differences in low-wage employment in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Comparative Sociology 18(4):449.doi:10.1163/15691330-12341507

Gelderman, Cees J & et al (2020)." Social capital, power and information sharing-eviden from the Dutch meat processing industry."British Food Journal, Vol. 122 No. 11, 2020 pp. 3343-3360.doi:10.1108/BFJ-08-2019-0607

Ghaderi, H. Dowlatabdi, H. Ansari, A.(2020). An Investigation of the Effect of External Social Capital on Dynamic Organizational Capabilities Considering the Mediating Role of Exchange Climate. Social Capital Management,7:59-86.[In Persian]. doi:10.22059/JSCM.2020.292055.1934

Ghafouri, Amin. Bakui, Fatima. Adeli, Mohammad Radfer, Reza (2019). Designing a dynamic model for social capital analysis with a systems dynamics approach. Social Capital Management, 4: 445-473. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22059/JSCM.2019.282916.1866

Grafton, R. Q., and Knowles, S.(2016). Social capital and national environmental performance: a cross-sectional analysis. J. Environ. Dev. 13, 336–370. doi.org/10.1177/1070496504271417

Greve, Arent, & Salaff, Janet W. (2001). The development of corporate social capital in complex innovation processes. In Shaul M. Gabbay & Roger Th.A.J. Leenders (eds.)Research in the Sociology of Organizations: Social Capital of Organizations,vol. 18: 107-134, Amsterdam: JAI Press. doi:10.1016/ S0733. 558X(01)18005-5

Greve, A. Benassi, M. Sti, D. (2010). Exploring the contributions of human and social capital to productivity. International Review of Sociology. Revue Internationale de Sociologie, 1: 35: 58. doi:10.1080/ 039067010 03 643261

Halkos, G. E., and Jones, N.(2012). Modeling the effect of social factors on improving biodiversity protection. Ecol. Econ. 78, 90–99. doi:10.1016/ j.ecolecon.2012.04.003

Hawes, Daniel, Rene Rocha, and Kenneth Meier. (2012). Social Capital in the 50 States. State Politics & Policy Quarterly 13 (1): 121–38. doi:10.1177/ 1532440012460

Hongyun, Tian& et al. ((2019). Effect of Social Capital on Firm Performance: The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Dynamic Capability." International Review of Management and Marketing,9:1-19. doi: 10.32479/irmm.8108

Horisch, F. Obert, P.(2020).Social Capital and the Impact of the Recent EconomicCrisis: Comparing the Effects of Economic and Fiscal Policy Developments. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 7:1141-1159.      doi:10.1111/spol.12590

Janton, Drozdowska & et al. (2015). Social Capital as a Key Driver of Productivity Growth of the Economy: Across-countries Comparison. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 3: 1-23. doi:10.12775/ EQUIL. 2015. 035

Jha, A. (2019). Financial reports and social capital. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(2), 567-596. doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3495-5

Kaasa,A.(2016), Social Capital, Institutional Quality and Productivity: Evidence from European Regions, Economics and Sociology, 9, No 4: 11-26. doi:10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-4/1

Khamechi, H. Rangriz, Hassan. (2019). Meta-analysis of the consequences of social capital. Social Capital Management, 4: 603-624. [In Persian]. doi:10.22059/ JSCM.2019.290118.1920

Khoury, Grace & et al. (2020).Internationalisation of developing economy small and medium-sized enterprises: social capital and learning in Palestinian pharmaceutical  firms."Small Business and Enterprise DevelopmentJournal, 1-19. doi:10.1108/JSBED-06-2020-0230

Knorringa, P. Staveren, I.(2006). Social capital for industrial development: operationalizing the concept.Strategic Research and Economics Branch,1-132.

Krugman, P, (1992) The Age of Diminished Expectations: US Economic Policy in the 1980s, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992, p. 9.

Li, Yaojun, Mike Savage, and Alan Warde. (2008). Social mobility and social capital in contemporary Britain. The British journal of sociology 59(3):391–411. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2008.00200.x

Liedle, B. Fritch, N. Wiesbock, L.(2020). The structure of social capital in Austria: Subjective and objective determinants, Österreich Z Soziol, 45: 115-138. doi:10.1007/s11614-020-00403-2

Liu, J., Qu, H., Huang, D., Chen, G., Yue, X., Zhao, X., et al. (2014). The role of social capital in encouraging residents’ pro-environmental behaviors in Community-Based Ecotourism. Tourism Management 41:190–201 doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.016

Markowska-Przybyła, Urszula (2020). Does Social Capital Matter for Total Factor Productivity? Exploratory Evidence from Poland. Sustainability Journal, 1-25. doi:10.3390/su12239978

Matlabi Varkani, A., Sohrab, S., Alipour D. Z., Sadeghi S., J., Mohammadi M. Y.(2019),Human Capital Productivity in Strategic Organizations and Application Model Design Using Structural Equation Model and Covariance Matrix(Case Study: Strategic Marine Army),Productivity Management Journal,Vol. 55, pp. 24-48. [In Persian]. doi:10.30495/ QJOPM.2020. 1874024.2556

Mayasari,Y. and Chandra, T. (2020), "Social capital for knowledge management system of the creative industry", Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 481-494. doi: 10.1108/JEC-01-2020-0008

Messner, Steven F., Eric P. Baumer, and Richard R.(2004). Dimensions of Social Capital and Rates of Criminal Homicide.American Sociological Review 69 (6): 882- 903.doi:10.1177/000312240406900607

Mir, Ali. Nemanian, Farshid. Criticism, Fakhreddin, Moradi, Alireza.(2020). Designing and testing the social capital development model of banks' marketing with a qualitative phenomenological approach and its role in customer loyalty. Journal of Development and Transformation Management, 40: 33-44. [In Persian]

Moetamedi Golugahi, Fatemeh; Tavakoli, Abdullah. (2019), the effect of social capital on strategic innovation with regard to the moderating role of innovative organizational climate), Social CapitalManagement, Vol. 7, pp. 87-109. [In Persian]. doi:10.22059/JSCM.2020.289889.1913

Mohammadian Mansour, S. Mohammad Jafari, M. and Mehrgan N. (2018) Measuring and comparing social capital by provinces of the country Social Capital Management, 5: 43-66 [In Persian].doi:10.22059/JSCM.2018. 255018.1575

Motefaker Azad, Mohammad. Sadeghi, Kamal. Takanlu, Zahra. (2014). Investigating the relationship between social capital and total factor productivity in Iran. Journal of Sociological Economics and Development. 1: 139-163. [In Persian]

Murijani, J. Fitjar, R. (2021). Social capital and economic growth in the regions of Europe.Economics and Political Science,14:1412-1434. doi:10. 1177/ 0308518X2110000

Ahmed, E.M. (2020), "Modelling green productivity spillover effects on sustainability", World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development,Vol.17 No.3, pp.257-267.doi:10.1108/WJSTSD-01-2020-0009

Pahlavani, Fatemeh (2019), interview of the head of the National Productivity Organization, Online Economy, October 7. [In Persian]

Pahlavani, Fatemeh (2020), interview of the head of the National Productivity Organization, www.irna.ir/news , June 1. [In Persian]

Pennar, K. (2007). The Ties That Lead to Prosperity: The Economic Value of Social Bonds is Only Beginning to be Measured. Business Week, December 15: 153-155.

Ponzetto, G. (2018). Social capital, government expenditures and growth. National bureau of economic research, 1-56.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2142548

Productivity Commission (2003). Social Capital: Reviewing the Concept and its Policy Implications, Research Paper, AusInfo, Canberra

Przybyla, M. (2020). Does Social Capital Matter for Total Factor Productivity? Exploratory Evidence from Poland. Sustainability. 12: 1-25.doi:10.3390/ su12239978

Putnam, Robert D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. London: Simon & Schuster, 1-544.

Rahmani, Mehdi Vladimir, Hartonian, Mortazavi, Mehdi. Qatari, Ali (2019). Model of the main issues of improving the productivity of Tehran Municipality employees. Productivity Management, 5: 19-49. [In Persian]. doi:10.30495/ QJOPM.2019.668703

Report of National Productivity Organization of Iran. (2021). www.npo.gov.ir [In Persian]

Report of National Productivity Organization of Iran, first edition of May. (2022). www.npo.gov.ir [In Persian]

Rezvani, M. Soltanzadeh, S. (2019). A Model of Sustainable Internationalization in Technology-Based Businesses: Case Study of Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industry. Petroleum Business Review, 3: 27-42. [In Persian].doi:10.22050/ pbr.2019.113682

Rupasingha, A. Stephan J. Goetz, David Freshwater. (2006). “The Production of Social Capital in US Counties.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 35 (1): 83–101. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.001

Sabatini, F. (2005). Does Social Capital Improve Labour Productivity in Small and Medium Enterprises? Department of Public Economics, Via del Castro Laurenziano, 1-25. doi:10.2139/ssrn.828524

Sadegh, S. Alipour, A. Sadeghi, J. (2021). Human Capital Productivity in Strategic Organizations and Design of an Applied Model Using Structural Equation Model and Covariance Matrix: The Case of Strategic Navy. Productivity Management, 55: 1-26.[In Persian].doi:10.30495/QJOPM.2020. 1874024. 2556

Sadeghzadeh, Keyvan. (2008). The role of organizational excellence models in increasing the productivity of petrochemical projects. The first petrochemical conference in Iran, 1-8. [In Persian].

Safari Ojgaz, F, Rangriz, H. (2021).The Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Human Resource Productivity: A Meta-Analysis Study. Productivity Management,Vol.14, No.55, PP. 50-71. [In Persian].doi:10.30495/QJOPM. 2020.1864565.2401

Samad, S. (2020).Achieving innovative firm performance through human capital

          and the effect of social capital, Management & Marketing. Challenges for

           the Knowledge Society, 15: 326-344. doi:10.2478/mmcks-2020-0019

Sandelowski, M. & Barroso, J.(2007).Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. New York: NY: Springer, 1-311.

Santos, R. F., Bragagnolo, G., Oliveira, M., & Chaves, M. S. (2020). Exploring knowledge management within teams from a social capital perspective: a literature review, 27(2), 1-21. doi:10.1590/0104-530x4907-19

Schreurs, B, Hetty van E. Guy Notelaers, and Hans De Witte. (2010). Job   insecurity and employee health: the buffering potential of job control and job self-efficacy. Work & Stress 24(1):56–72. doi:10.1080/ 02678371 003718733

Schuller, T. (2021). The Complementary Roles of Human and Social Capital.     Birkbeck College, University of London, 1-28.

Sepahvand, Reza Arefzadeh. M. (2018). The effect of intangible (social, human and organizational) capital (on knowledge productivity) Case study: Tamin Pharmaceutical Holding subsidiaries (Productivity Management, 47: 61-86. [In Persian]

Shabani, M, Mohammadi Qaraqani, M. A, Zare, H. (2020). Social capital of labor and production, productivity and socio-economic development. Social Studies and Research in Iran,: 187-213. [In Persian]

Shahmirzaee, H. (2013). Strategies of National Petrochemical Company of Iran. African Journal of Business Management,5:1-11. doi:org/10.5897/ AJBM11.1236

Song, J. (2016). The Effect of Social Capital on Organizational Performance in Different Cultures: A Cross-National Comparison of the United States and South Korea" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 1-184.         dio:10.25148/etd.FIDC000712

Stone, Wendy.(2001). Measuring social capital. Towards a theoretically informed measurement framework for researching social capital in family and community life. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies

Svarc, Jadranka La znjak, Jasminka & Dabic, Marina " (2020) The role of national system of the creative industry." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy teams from a social capital perspective: a literature review

Svendsen, G. T., and Svendsen, G. L. H. (2009). Handbook of Social Capital: The Troika of Sociology, Political Science and Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1-460.

U.S. Congress.(2018) Joint Economic Committee, Social Capital Project. (2018). The Geography of Social Capital in America. SCP Report No. 1-18.

Van Tubergen, Frank, and Beate Volker. (2015). Inequality in access to social capital in the Netherlands. Sociology 49(3):521–538.doi.10.1177/ 0038038514543

Villalonga-Olives, E., and Kawachi, I.(2015). The measurement of social capital. Gaceta Sanitaria 29, 62–64. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2014.09.006

Williams, Dmitri. (2006). On and off the ’Net: scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of computermediated communication11(2):593–628.

doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00029.x

Xavier, Luiza A.O.P., Mírian Oliveira, Eduardo K. Teixeira. (2012). Theories used in research on knowledge management

Xiong, A. Weslund, H. Li, H.(2017). Social Capital and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Provinces. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 1-22.doi:10.1111/cwe.12204

Xue, X.,Wu, H.,Zhang,X., Dai, J., and Su, C. (2015). Measuring energy consumption efficiency of the construction industry: the case of China. J. Clean. Prod. 107, 509–515.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.082

Yeşil, S. & Doğan, I. F. (2019). Exploring the relationship between social capital, innovation capability and innovation. Innovation, 21(4), pp. 506-532. doi:10.1080/14479338.2019.1585187

Zayn al-Dini, Fatima. Toghyani, Fatemeh Etrat Dost, Mohammad (2020). Religious principles of labor productivity based on thematic-content analysis of Quranic verses with a look at the five-year development laws of the country. Iranian Journal of Economic Research, 33: 167-199. [In Persian]

Zhou D, Liu T and Wang Q (2020). How Social Capital Affects Environmental Performance in China. Front. Energy Res. 7:160.doi:10.3389/ fenrg. 2019.00160

Zugravu-Soilita,N., Kafrouni, R., Bouard, S., & Apithy, L.(2021). Do cultural capital and social capital matter for economic performance?An empirical investigation of tribal agriculture in New Caledonia, 182(17). doi:10.1016/ j.ecolecon.2020.106933