Breakdown characteristics of oxygen and nitrogen gasmixture as substitute gases of sulfur hexafluoride

Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering

مقاله 3، دوره 18، شماره 4، اسفند 2024، صفحه 1-10   

نوع مقاله: Reseach Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.57647/j.mjee.2024.1804.52

نویسندگان

Norsuhada Zainal Abidin^* ؛ Muhammad Saufi Kamarudin؛ Erwan Sulaiman

Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electric and Electronic, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia

چکیده

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is extensively utilised as an essential insulating material in high-voltage industries owing to its outstanding electrical characteristics. However, the use of SF6 gas faces two significant challenges: its substantial impact on global warming and the high toxicity of its breakdown byproducts. This study aims to analyse the breakdown properties of various gas and gas mixtures, including, pure Nitrogen (N2), pure Oxygen(O2), O2+N2 gas mixture, and SF6+N2 gas mixture as alternative insulation media under positive standard lightning impulses. The experiments involve sphere and plate electrodes with varying gap distances. Following the BS EN 60060-1 standard, the breakdown voltage is measured using the Up and Down method, with a voltage interval between levels set between 1.5% and 3%. Based on the findings, N2 gas has been determined to be a highly efficient insulator, outperforming other options. The reason for this is its superior breakdown voltage, which reaches 37.415 kV, surpassing the values of other gas and gas mixtures.

کلیدواژه‌ها

High Voltage؛ Insulator؛ Alternative؛ Sulfur Hexafluoride

مراجع

[1]         S. Shi et al., "Recent advances in degradation of the most potent industrial greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride," Aug. 15, 2023, Elsevier BV doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144166.

[2]         World Health Organization, "Climate change," World Health Organization. Accessed: Dec. 24, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health

[3]         K. Abbass, M. Z. Qasim, H. Song, M. Murshed, H. Mahmood, and I. Younis, "A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 29, no. 28, pp. 42539–42559, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19718-6.

[4]         A. Hopf, M. Rossner, F. Berger, and U. Prucker, "Dielectric Strength of Alternative Insulation Gases at High Pressure in the Homogeneous Electric Field," in 2015 Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), Seattle, Washington, USA, 2015. doi: 10.1109/ICACACT.2014.7223575.

[5]         M. An et al., "Sustained growth of sulfur hexafluoride emissions in China inferred from atmospheric observations," Nat Commun, vol. 15, no. 1, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46084-3.

[6]         B. Boychev, "Comparison of SF6 alternative gases," in 2022 14th Electrical Engineering Faculty Conference, BulEF 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022. doi: 10.1109/BulEF56479.2022.10021206.

[7]         Z. Yang, Y. Li, Y. Wang, X. Zhang, K. Wan, and Y. Zhang, "Experimental Study on the Effect of H2 on the Degradation of SF6 by Pulsed Dielectric Barrier Discharge," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 448–456, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2023.3301828.

[8]         L. Bellofatto, P. Sigismondi, and I. S. P. A. Imesa, "SF6 Free Alternative-Study Of Ternary Mix Natural Gas For Electrical Insulation Purpose," in 2023 PCIC Energy Europe (PCIC Energy), 2023.

[9]         J. Owens, A. Zhang, J. Bonk, and M. Delorme, "Review of Health and Safety Data on Leading SF6-alternative Gas Mixtures," in 2022 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Applications, ICHVE 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022. doi: 10.1109/ICHVE53725.2022.10014453.

[10]       S. Tian et al., "Study on subacute inhalation toxicity and offspring teratogenicity of C4F7N: An environmentally friendly insulating gas to replace SF6," J Clean Prod, vol. 387, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135799.

[11]       C. Guo et al., "Influence of Electric Field Non-uniformity on Breakdown Characteristics in SF6/N2 Gas Mixtures under Lightning Impulse," in IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017, pp. 2248–2258. doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2017.006261.

[12]       P Boffi, A Iadanza, and M Mammeri, "Sustainability through SF6 reduction on HV/E-HV cable accessories," in AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), Rome, Italy, 2022, 2022, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.23919/AEIT56783.2022.9951823.

[13]       S. Xiao, X. Zhang, J. Tang, and S. Liu, "A review on SF6 substitute gases and research status of CF3I gases," Energy Reports, vol. 4, pp. 486–496, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2018.07.006.

[14]       G. V. Kumar, R. Verma, G. Singh, M. K. Warrier, and A. Sharma, "An experimental and numerical study: to investigate the switching characteristics of a field-distortion sparkgap switch in various SF6 admixtures," Engineering Research Express, vol. 5, no. 4, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1088/2631-8695/ad0fc2.

[15]       H. Lee, J. Yeun, H. Ahn, J. Choi, and Y. Kim, "Insulation design of 25.8kV class gas insulated switchgear in Dry Air," in ICEPE-ST 2022 - 2022 6th International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022, pp. 253–256. doi: 10.1109/ICEPE-ST51904.2022.9757091.

[16]       L. Wang, X. Wen, Y. Wang, and J. Zhao, "Research about Insulation Characteristic of SF6/CO2/N2and CF3I/CO2/N2Gas Mixtures at Different Proportions," in 2022 4th International Conference on Power and Energy Technology, ICPET 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022, pp. 236–241. doi: 10.1109/ICPET55165.2022.9918480.

[17]       R. Ahmed, R. A. Rahman, M. S. Kamarudin, M. F. M. Yousof, H. B. Ahmad, and A. A. Salem, "Feasibility of Fluoronitrile (C4F7N) as a Substitute to Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) in Gas Insulated Application: A Review," in 2022 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy: Advancement in Power and Energy Systems towards Sustainable and Resilient Energy Supply, PECon 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022, pp. 391–396. doi: 10.1109/PECon54459.2022.9988941.

[18]       Y. Meng, Z. Li, H. Xue, W. Ding, Z. Deng, and W. Liu, "Surface Flashover Characteristics of the 252-kV Conical Insulator in C4F7N/CO2Gas Mixture," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 717–725, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2023.3249653.

[19]       J. Y. Na, R. Hwang, S. J. Cho, T. H. Song, and B. W. Lee, "Breakdown Characteristics of a Fluoronitrile Mixture Gas According to Mixing Ratio and Oxygen Content for High-Voltage Power Equipment Application," IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 16117–16126, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3359304.

[20]       D. Su et al., "Experimental Research on V-t Characteristics of C5F10O/CO2 Gas Mixture under Lighting Impulse Voltage," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2134–2141, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2023.3276336.

[21]       F. Zeng et al., "Switching Impulse Characteristics of C5F10O Gas Mixtures Under Extremely Nonuniform Field," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1617–1624, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2022.3185582.

[22]       F. Zeng et al., "Breakdown Characteristics of Eco-Friendly Gas C5F10O/CO2 under Switching Impulse in Nonuniform Electric Field," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 866–873, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2022.3168334.

[23]       N. Tang, K. Wang, Y. Yao, B. Zhang, and X. Li, "Dielectric Properties of HFO-1336mzz(E)/N2Mixture as a Possible SF6-Substitute Gas," in 2022 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Applications, ICHVE 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022. doi: 10.1109/ICHVE53725.2022.10014483.

[24]       P. Ranjan et al., "Lightning Impulse and AC Breakdown Characteristics of SF6 and its Alternatives," in ICD 2022 - IEEE 2022 4th International Conference on Dielectrics, Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022, pp. 672–675. doi: 10.1109/ICD53806.2022.9863486.

[25]       J. Liu et al., "Negative DC Dielectric Breakdown Characteristics and Synergistic Effect of HFO-1336mzz(E) Mixtures," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 65–73, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2022.3214166.

[26]       B. Zhang, K. Wang, Y. Yao, K. Li, X. Li, and N. Tang, "Insulation Characteristics of HFO-1336mzz(E) and Its Mixtures as Eco-Friendly Alternatives to SF6for Medium-Voltage Switchgears," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 536–545, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2023.3249652.

[27]       F. Wang et al., "Surface Flashover Characteristics of Epoxy Resin in HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO2 Gas Mixtures Under Negative DC Voltage," IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2067–2074, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TDEI.2023.3298758.

[28]       H. Palneedi, M. Peddigari, A. Upadhyay, J. P. B. Silva, G. T. Hwang, and J. Ryu, "Lead-based and lead-free ferroelectric ceramic capacitors for electrical energy storage," in Ferroelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting and Storage, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 279–356. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102802-5.00009-1.

[29]       R. Ahmed, R. A. Rahman, A. S. Aldosary, B. Al-Ramadan, R. Ullah, and A. Jamal, "Analysis of the Insulation Characteristics of Hexafluorobutene (C4H2F6) Gas and Mixture with CO2/N2 as an Alternative to SF6 for Medium-Voltage Applications," Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 15, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/app13158940.

[30]         R. Ahmed, R. A. Rahman, N. Najihah, and A. Latif, "Characterization of Electric Field Profile for C4F7N with CO2 Under Different Electrode Configurations," Evolution in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 587–597, 2022, doi: 10.30880/eeee.2022.03.01.068