Performance assessment of grid-forming converters frequency support during disturbances in active distribution networks

Majlesi Journal of Electrical Engineering

دوره 19، شماره 1، خرداد 2025، صفحه 1-11   

نوع مقاله: Reseach Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.57647/j.mjee.2025.1901.18

نویسندگان

Souhil Drias^* ؛ Abderrahmane Berkani؛ Mohamed Bey؛ Sarah Bouradi

Energy Engineering and Computer Engineering Laboratory L2GEGI, Ibn Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Algeria.

چکیده

The use of Grid Forming Methodology (GFM) in grid-connected systems represents an innovative approach to improving the stability and flexibility of power grids. This article will elucidate the methodology, assess its frequency-related performance and stability under disturbances like load changes, and emphasize the importance of the droop control coefficient. Based on the frequency derivative, which gives more information compared to the frequency, we used the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) instead of frequency as an indicator to compare different scenarios and highlight differences in performance after changes in loads. The RoCoF factor and the critical clearing time are determined as metrics to compare system performance and stability. To determine the gain of the controller, the Result adaptive PID controller is performed, and its performance is compared to the classical PID controller based on the trial/error method. In the rest of the article, we relied on controlling the RAPID controller, which gave the best performance. Finally, the
effectiveness and accuracy of the method were verified through simulation.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Grid forming؛ Droop control؛ Result-adaptive PID controller؛ Rate of change of frequency

مراجع

[1] Narula, P. Imgart, M. Bongiorno, M. Beza, J. R. Svensson and J. -P. Hasler, "Voltage-Based Current Limitation Strategy to Preserve Grid-Forming Properties Under Severe Grid Disturbances", in IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 4, pp. 176-188, 2023, doi: 10.1109/OJPEL.2023.3246728

[2] Zhou, W. Wang, T. Lan and G. M. Huang, "Dynamic Performance Evaluation of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverters for Frequency Support in Low Inertia Transmission Grids," 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Espoo, Finland, 2021, pp. 01-05, doi: 10.1109/ISGTEurope52324.2021.9640034

[3] L. Rodríguez-Amendedo, S. Arnaltes Gómez, M. Zubiaga, et al., "Grid-Forming Control of Voltage Source Converters Based on the Virtual-Flux Orientation," IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 10254-10274, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3240516

[4] Kikusato et al., "Performance analysis of grid-forming inverters in existing conformance testing," Energy Reports, vol. 8, pp. 73-83, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.106

[5] Darbali-Zamora, N. S. Gurule, J. Hernandez-Alvidrez, S. Gonzalez and M. J. Reno, "Performance of a Grid-Forming Inverter Under Balanced and Unbalanced Voltage Phase Angle Jump Conditions," 2021 IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 2021, pp. 1409-1416, doi: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518539.

[6] Gutiérrez, J.Roberto, P.Ponce Cruz, and A.Molina Gutiérrez. "Bounded Region Optimization of PID Gains for Grid Forming Inverters with Genetic Algorithms." Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33749-0_23

[7] Zhou, W. Wang, T. Lan and G. M. Huang, "Dynamic Performance Evaluation of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverters for Frequency Support in Low Inertia Transmission Grids," 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Espoo, Finland, 2021, pp. 01-05, doi: 10.1109/ISGTEurope52324.2021.9640034.

[8] Pan, X. Wang, F. Liu, and R. Shi, "Transient Stability of Voltage-Source Converters with Grid-Forming Control: A Design-Oriented Study," 2019.

[9] Gomis-Bellmunt, S. D. Tavakoli, V. Albernaz Lacerda, et al., "Grid-Forming Loads: Can the loads be in charge of forming the grid in modern power systems?" IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 1042-1055, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2022.3202646

[10] Ngoc Bao Lai. "Control of Power Converter in Modern Power Systems." PhD thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, February 2022.

[11] Pouresmaeil et al, "An Enhanced Control of Grid-forming Converters for Systems with High Penetration of Renew-able Energies," 2022.

[12] Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, et al., "Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4734-4749, 2012. DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2199334

[13] Zhou, W. Wang, T. Lan and G. M. Huang, "Dynamic Performance Evaluation of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverters for Frequency Support in Low Inertia Transmission Grids," 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technolo-gies Europe (ISGT Europe), Espoo, Finland, 2021, pp. 01-05, doi: 10.1109/ISGTEurope52324.2021.9640034.

[14] Mohammed, H. H. Alhelou, and B. Bahrani (Eds.), "Grid-Forming Power Inverters: Control and Applications," CRC Press, 2023.

[15] B. Rathnayake, M. Akrami, C. Phurailatpam, et al., "Grid-Forming Inverter Modeling, Control, and Applications," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 114781-114807, 2021. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3104617

[16] Unruh, M. Nuschke, P. Strauß, et al., "Overview on Grid-Forming Inverter Control Methods," Energies, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2589, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102589

[17] Shadoul, R. Ahshan, R. S. Alabri, et al., "A Comprehensive Review on a Virtual-Synchronous Generator: Topologies, Control Orders and Techniques, Energy Storages, and Applications," Energies, vol. 15, no. 22, pp. 8406, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228406

[18] D'Arco and J. A. Suul, "Virtual Synchronous Machines—Classification of Implementations and Analysis of Equivalence to Droop Controllers for Microgrids," in 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference, IEEE, 2013, pp. 1-7. DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2013.6652456

[19] S. Seo, M. Colombino, I. Subotic, et al., "Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Control for Decentralized Inverter-Dominated Power Systems: Analysis and Experiments," in 2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), IEEE, 2019, pp. 561-566. DOI: 10.1109/APEC.2019.8722028

[20] Groß, M. Colombino, J.-S. Brouillon, et al., "The Effect of Transmission-Line Dynamics on Grid-Forming Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Control," IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1148-1160, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TCNS.2019.2921347

[21] Mohammed, M. Ali, M. Ciobotaru, and J. Fletcher, “Accurate control of virtual oscillator-controlled islanded AC microgrids,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 214, p. 108791, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108791.

[22] Unruh, M. Nuschke, P. Strauß, et al., "Overview on Grid-Forming Inverter Control Methods," Energies, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 2589, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102589

[23] Azizi Aghdam and M. Agamy, "Virtual Oscillator-Based Methods for Grid-Forming Inverter Control: A Review," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 835-855, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12398

[24] Tayyebi, F. Dörfler, F. Kupzog, et al., "Grid-Forming Converters – Inevitability, Control Strategies, and Challenges in Future Grids Application," 2018.

[25] Arghir, T. Jouini, and F. Dörfler, "Grid-Forming Control for Power Converters Based on Matching of Synchronous Machines," Automatica, vol. 95, pp. 273-282, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2018.05.037

[26] Buraimoh, A. O. Aluko, O. E. Oni, et al., "Decentralized Virtual Impedance-Conventional Droop Control for Power Sharing for Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources of a Microgrid," Energies, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 4439, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124439

[27] He, Y. Liu, and Y. Wang, "Cascaded Droop and Inverse Droop Regulation for Two-Layer Coordinated Power Flow Control in Series-Connected Power Cells," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 6939-6951, 2020. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2020.3005099

[28] Salem, R. Aljarrah, M. Karimi, et al., "Grid-Forming Inverter Control for Power Sharing in Microgrids Based on P/f and Q/V Droop Characteristics," Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 15, pp. 11712, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511712

[29] Bevrani and S. Shokoohi, "An Intelligent Droop Control for Simultaneous Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Is-landed Microgrids," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1505-1513,2013. DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2013.2258947

[30] N. Opiyo, "Droop Control Methods for PV-Based Mini Grids with Different Line Resistances and Impedances," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 101-112, 2018. DOI:10.4236/sgre.2018.96007

[31] Shuai, S. Mo, J. Wang, et al., "Droop Control Method for Load Share and Voltage Regulation in High-Voltage Microgrids," Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 76-86, 2016. 10.1007/s40565-015-0176-1

[32] Saleh-Ahmadi, M. Moattari, A. Gahedi, et al., "Droop Method Development for Microgrids Control Considering Higher Order Sliding Mode Control Approach and Feeder Impedance Variation," Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 967, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11030967

[33] Anttila, J. S. Döhler, J. G. Oliveira, et al., "Grid Forming Inverters: A Review of the State of the Art of Key Elements for Microgrid Operation," Energies, vol. 15, no. 15, p. 5517, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155517

[34] Bey, R. Araria, S. Bouradi, S. Drias and A. Thamer, "Result-adaptive PID control based ant colony optimization tuning for battery operation control in standalone PV system with consumption side power management," Electrica, 24(3), 710-721, 2024. DOI: 10.5152/electrica.2024.24041

[35] Binbing, X. Abuduwayiti, C. Yuxi, and T. Yizhi, "RoCoF Droop Control of PMSG-Based Wind Turbines for System Inertia Response Rapidly," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 181154-181162, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3027740.

[36] Taoufik, H. Wu, X. Wang, et al., "Variable Virtual Impedance-Based Overcurrent Protection for Grid-Forming Inverters: Small-Signal, Large-Signal Analysis, and Improvement," IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2022. DOI : 10.1109/TSG.2022.3232987

[37] Deng, N. Dai, K.-W. Lao, et al., "A Virtual-Impedance Droop Control for Accurate Active Power Control and Reactive Power Sharing Using Capacitive-Coupling Inverters," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 6722-6733, 2020. 10.1109/TIA.2020.3012934

[38] Buraimoh and I. E. Davidson, "Fault Ride-Through Analysis of Current- and Voltage-Source Models of Grid Supporting Inverter-Based Microgrid," IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 189-198, 2021. 10.1109/ICJECE.2020.3035036

[39] Lin, R. Zamora, and C. Baguley, "Droop Control Based on Improved Virtual Impedance in a Stand-Alone Microgrid," in 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia), IEEE, 2019.

[40] Li, X. Fu, M. Ramezani, et al., "A Novel Direct-Current Vector Control Technique for Single-Phase Inverter with L, LC and LCL Filters," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 125, pp. 235-244, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.04.006

[41] Rasekh and M. Hosseinpour, "LCL Filter Design and Robust Converter Side Current Feedback Control for Grid-Connected Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 45, no. 23, pp. 13055-13067, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.227

[42] P Bolsi, Prado, E Sartori, C. Lenz, M Pinheiro, J.R, "LCL Filter Parameter and Hardware Design Methodology for Minimum Volume Considering Capacitor Lifetimes. ", Energies 2022, 15, 4420. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124420.