نقش منابع خارجی محافظ‌های گیاهی در تعدیل اثرات مخرب تنش‌های غیر زیستی

فیزیولوژی محیطی گیاهی

مقاله 9، دوره 12، شماره 48، دی 1396، صفحه 103-128   

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

نویسندگان

علی نامور^{* 1}؛ هاشم هادی²؛ رئوف سیدشریفی³

¹گروه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

²گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

³گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

گیاهان همواره در معرض عوامل نامساعد محیطی مختلف نظیر؛ شوری، خشکی، دماهای بالا/پایین، سمیت فلزات سنگین، غرقابی، تابش ماوراء بنفش و ازن قرار می­گیرند. تنش­های غیر زیستی سبب ایجاد اختلال در رشد، فیزیولوژی و عملکرد گیاهان شده و یک چالش بسیار مهم در تولید محصولات زراعی و امنیت غذایی به شمار می­روند. راهکارهای مختلفی برای بهبود عملکرد گیاهان زراعی در شرایط تنش پیشنهاد شده است ولی بیشتر تلاش­های صورت گرفته در زمینه­ افزایش تولید گیاهان زراعی در حضور عوامل تنش­زا ناموفق بوده است. با این وجود در سال­های اخیر استفاده از منابع خارجی محافظ­های گیاهی مانند؛ محافظ­های اسمزی (مانند؛ پرولین و گلیسین بتایین)، هورمون­های گیاهی (نظیر؛ آبسیزیک اسید، سالسیلیک اسید، جیبرلیک اسید، جاسمونیک اسید، براسینو استروییدها و پلی­آمین­ها)، آنتی­اکسیدان­ها (از جمله؛ گلوتاتیون، آسکوربیک اسید و توکوفرول)، عناصر ریز مغذی (مانند؛ آهن و روی) و عناصر کمیاب (نظیر؛ سیلیکون و سلنیوم) در تعدیل خسارات ایجاد شده توسط تنش­های غیر زیستی در گیاهان بسیار موثر شناخته شده­اند. این استراتژی به­دلیل کارآیی بالا، سهولت استفاده، کم هزینه بودن و عدم نیاز به تجهیزات پیشرفته توجهات زیادی را به خود جلب نموده است. از سوی دیگر استفاده از منابع خارجی محافظ­های گیاهی ظرفیت قابل قبولی را برای افزایش رشد، عملکرد و ارتقای توانایی تحمل گیاه در شرایط نامساعد محیطی نشان داده است. با توجه به اهمیت کاربرد منابع خارجی محافظ­های گیاهی در شرایط تنش­زا، در این مقاله به بررسی عکس ­العمل­های گیاه در برابر این ترکیبات در حضور عوامل محدود کننده­ی رشد پرداخته خواهد شد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

محافظ‌های گیاهی؛ تنش‌های غیر زیستی؛ تحمل تنش؛ افزایش عملکرد

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