An overview on genus Thymus

Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)

مقاله 4، دوره 6، شماره 2، آبان 2015، صفحه 93-100   

نوع مقاله: Review article

نویسندگان

Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti^{* 1}؛ Zohreh Emami Bistghani²؛ Fatemeh Malekpoor²

¹1Medicinal Plants Department, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, Iran 2Medicinal Plants Program, College of Natural Sciences, Massachusetts University, Amherst, 01003, MA, USA

²Medicinal Plants Department, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, 88146, Iran

چکیده

The genus Thymus L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family, consist of about 215 species of herbaceous perennials and small shrubs in the world. They originated from Mediterranean region. This genus is presented in Iranian flora by 14 species, including: T. daenensis, T. carmanicus, T. fallax, T. persicus, T. trautvetteri, T. migricus, T. kotschyanus, T. pubesens, T. nummularius, T. transcaspicus, T. eriocalyx, T. caucasicus, T. transcaucasicus, and T. fedtschenkoi. Thyme is an aromatic and medicinal herb that has been widely used in folk medicine, food preservatives and pharmaceutical preparations. Overall, this genus is one of the most popular plants throughout the entire world due to its volatile constituents. Thymol and carvacrol are the major compounds in most of the Thymus essential oils. The therapeutic potential of thyme rests on contents of thymol, carvacrol, flavonoids, eugenol, aliphatic phenols as well as luteolin, saponins, and tetra methoxylated flavones. The essential oil of thyme has antibacterial, antiseptic, antifungal, anti-parasitic and antioxidant activity.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Lamiaceae؛ Medicinal plants؛ Thymol؛ Carvacrol

مراجع

Askari, F., Sefidkon, F. and Rezaee, M.B. 2002. Essential oil of Thymus pubescens from different locality of Lar valley, Iranian journal of medicinal and aromatic plants, 12: 29-53.

Bahrini, B. 2002. Final report in: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands.

Bassam, A., Ghaleb, A., Dahood, A., Naser J. 2004. Antibacterial Activities of Some Plant Extracts Utilized in Popular Medicine in Palestine, Turkish Journal of Biology, 28: 99-102.

Baytop, T. 1997. Publication of the Turk Dil Kurumu (The Turkish Language Society), No: 578.

Brown, R. G. 2002. Dictionary of Medical Plants. Sarup and Sons Publishers, New Delhi, India.

Burnett, S., Thomas, P. and Van Lersel, M. 2005. Post germination drenches with PEG-8000 reduce growth of salvia and marigolds. Horticultural Science, 40: 675-679.

Cronquist, A. 1988. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. The New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA.

Davis, P.H. 1982. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, Vol. 7, P. 349.

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishers Directorate: Plant Production. 2012.

Ebrahimi, S.N., Hadian, J., Mirjalili, M.H., Sonboli, A. and Yousefzadi, M. 2008. Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Thymus caramanicus at different phonological stages. Food Chemistry, 110: 927-931.

Fernandes, A. and Leitao, M. T. 1984. Contribution to the Cytotaxonomic Investigation of the Spermatophyte of Portugal. Mem. Soc. Brot., 27: 27-75.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A, Bahmani, M, Avijgan, M. 2009a. Anti- Candida activity of Iranian medicinal plants. Electronic Journal of Biology, 5: 85-88.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Jahanbazi, P., Enteshari, S., Malekpoor, F., Hamedi, B. 2010c. Antimicrobial activity of some of the Iranian medicinal plants. Archives of Biological Science Belgrade, 62: 633-642.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Malekpoor, F., Enteshari, S., Yousefi, M., Momtaz, H., Hamedi, B. 2010b. Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by Bakhtiari tribal in Southwest Iran. International Journal of Biology, 2: 55-63.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Moosavi, H., Momtaz, H., Rahimi, E. 2010a. Antibacterial activities of the essential oils of some Iranian herbs against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Advances in Food Sciences, 32: 30-34.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Roshan Chaleshtori, A., Tajbakhsh, E., Momtaz, H., Rahimi, E., Shahin, F. 2009b. Bioactivity of medicinal plants extracts against Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 7: 132-135.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Taheri, M., Raisee, M., Bahrami, H.R., Abdizadeh, R. 2009c. In vitro antifungal activity of plant extracts on Saprolegnia parasitica from cutaneous lesions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 7: 94-96.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. 2009. Medicinal Plants used in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari districts Iran. Herba Polonica, 55:69-75.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Rahimmalek, M., Malekpoor, F., Karimi, A. 2011. Variation in antibacterial activity, thymol and carvacol contents of wild populations of Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis Celak.. Plant Omics Journal, 4(4): 209-214.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. Neshat, SH., Rahimi, E., Hamedi, B., Malekpoor, F. 2013. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essentials oils of Iranian herbs against Staphylococus aureus isolated from milk. International Journal of Food Properties.

Gulluce, M., Sahin, F, Sokmen M, Ozer H, Daferera D, Sokmen A, Polissiou M, Adiguzel A, Ozkan H. 2007. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. ssp. longifolia. Food Chemistry, 103:4: 1449- 1456.

Hashim, S. and M. Gamil, 1988. Plants and herbs between the Iraqi folk medicine and scientific research. Baghdad, Dar revolution of Press and Publication.

Hoffmann, D. Medical Herbalism. Rochester (VT): Healing Arts Press. 2003.

Jamshidi, A., Aminzadeh, M. Azarnivand, H. and Abedi, M. 2006. Medicinal plant research network (MPRN).

Jamzad, Z. 2009. New Species and New Plant records of Lamiaceae from Iran.

Jamzad, Z. 2010. Thymus and Satureja spp of Iran, Research instituted of Forests and rangelands Press, 172 P.

Jordan, M.J., Martinez, R.M., Martinez, C., Martinez, Monino, I., Sotomayor, J.A. 2009. Polyphenolic extract and essential oil quality of Thymus zygis ssp. gracilis shrubs cultivated under different watering levels. Industrial Crops and Production. 29:145-153.

Kasumov, F.Y. 1983. Essential oil of Thymus transcaucasicus Ronn. and Thymus eriophorus Ronn. Maslo-Zhir. Prom-st. 1: (29).

Lopez-Pujol, J., Bosch, M., Simon, J. & Blanche, C. 2004. Allozyme Diversity in the Tetraploid Endemic Thymus Loscosii (Lamiaceae). –Annals of Botany, 93: 1-10.

Loziene, K., Vaiciuniene, J. and Venskutions, P. R. 2002. Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of an Interspecific Hybrid of Thymus (Thymus×Oblongifolius Opiz) Growing Wild in Lithuanian. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14: 308-311.

Miguel, G., Simoes, M., Figueiredo, A, C., Barroso, J.C., Pedro, L.G. and Carvalho, L. 2004. Composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Thymus caespititius, Thymus camphoratus and Thymus mastichina. Food Chemistry, 86:183-188.

Miri, R., Ramezan, M., Javidnia, K. and Ahmadi, L., 2002. Composition of the volatile oil of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov from Iran. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17: 245-246.

Monira, A., El, K.A. and Naima, Z. 2012. Evaluation of protective and antioxidant activity of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on paracetamol-induced toxicity in rats. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(7): 467-474.

Morales, R. 2002. The history, botany and taxonomy of the genus Thymus. In: Stahl-Biskup., Saez, F. (Eds), Thyme: The Genus Thymus. Taylor & Francis, London. pp: 1-43.

Morteza-Semnani, K., Rostami, B., Akbarzadeh, M. 2006. Essential oil composition of Thymus kotschyanus and Thymus pubescens from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18: 272 – 274.

Mozaffarian V. 2006. A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Farhang Mosavar Publ., Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).

Mozaffarian, V. 2008. A Pictorial Dictionary of Botany Botanical Taxon-omy Latin–English–French–Germany–Persian/Complied. Farahang Moaser, Tehran 522.

Naghdi Badi, H.A., Makkizadeh, M. 2003. Review of common Thyme. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(7):1–12. [In Persian]

Nickavar, B., Mojab, F., Dolat-Abadi, R. 2005. Analysis of the essential oils of two Thymus species from Iran. Food Chemistry, 90: 609-611.

Omidbaigi, R. 2009. Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Vol. 2. Behnashr Publisher, Mashhad, Iran.

Omidbaygi, R. 2007. Production and Refinery medicinal plants. Fourth edition. Astan Ghods press, Mashhad, Iran (in Persian)

Piccaglia, R., Marotti, M. 1991. Composition of the essential oil of an Italian Thymus vulgaris L. ecotype. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 6: 241-244.

Rahimmalek, M., Bahreininejad, B., Khorrami, M., Sayed Tabatabaei, B.E. 2009. Genetic variability and geographical differentiation in Thymus daenensis subsp. daenensis Cleak, an endangered aromatic and medicinal plant as revealed by Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Biochemical Genetics, 47:831-842.

Rechinger, K.H. 1982. Flora Iranica,.152. Austria, Graz: Akademische Druck und Verlagsanstalt.

Rechinger, K.H. 1963–1998. Flora Iranica, vol. 1–173. Akademische Druck und Ver-lagsanstalt, Graz, Austria.

Rizk, A.M. 1986. The phyto chemistry of flora of qatar. King Print of Richmond, Great Britain.

Safari, H., Tavili, A., and Saberi, M. 2010. Allelopathic effects of Thymus kotschyanus on seed germination and initial growth of Bromus tomentellus and Trifolium repens. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 4: 475–480.

Safei Ghomi, J., Meshkatalsadat, M.H., Shabnam Shamai, M., Hashemi Nejad, A. 2009. Chemical characterization of bioactive volatile molecules of four Thymus species using nanoscale, 4(4):835-841.

Sefidkon, F., Dabiri, M. and Mirmostafa, S.A. 2002. The essential oil of Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) Jalas from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14: 351-352.

Sefidkon, F. 2002. Essential oil composition of Thymus pubescens and T. kotschyanus from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 14: 116-117.

Stahi-Biskup, E. and Saez, F. 2002. Thyme-the genus Thymus. Taylor & Francis. London. 75.

Stahl-Biskup, 1991. The chemical composition of Thymus oils: a review of literature 1960-1989, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 3: 61-62.

Teimouri, M. 2012. Antimicrobial activity and essential oil composition of Thymus daenensis Celak from Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6: 631-635.

Zargari, A. 1990. Medicinal plants, Iran: Tehran University Press. Vol. 4, 28–42.

Ziaei-Nasab, M., Hesamzadeh-Hejazi, S.M., Bihamta, M.R., Mirza, M., Naderi-Shahab, M.A. 2012. Assessment of karyotypical variation among 16 populations of Thymus daenensis Celak and Thymus Kotschyanus Boiss. Species in Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11 (5): 1028-1036.