طراحی برنامه درسی تفکر مستقل برای دانش‌آموزان دورۀ متوسطه

پژوهش در برنامه ریزی درسی

دوره 17، شماره 66، آذر 1399، صفحه 80-94   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30486/jsre.2020.1892760.1568

نویسندگان

جمال معمر حور¹؛ مرضیه دهقانی^{* 2}؛ الهه حجازی³؛ کیوان صالحی²

¹دانشجوی برنامه درسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

²استادیار، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

³دانشیار، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

این پژوهش با هدف طراحی برنامه درسی تفکر مستقل برای دانش‌آموزان دورۀ متوسطه انجام شده است. رویکرد پژوهش، کیفی و از نوع روش اسنادی بود که با استفاده از فن تحلیل محتوا، تحلیل گردید. لذا با مطالعه اسناد پژوهی و نمونه پژوهش‌های مرتبط، بخش‌های مربوط به تفکر مستقل در این پژوهش‌ها استخراج گردید. داده‌ها به شیوة کدگذاری بر اساس الگوی تایلر بر مبنای چهار عنصر هدف (شناختی، عاطفی و روانی حرکتی)، محتوا (انتخاب و سازمان‌دهی)، روش و ارزشیابی است. نتایج نشان داد در بخش «هدف» ویژگی‌ها شامل: آزادی بیان، برخورداری از حق انتخاب، بحث گروهی، یادگیری مشارکتی، تبادل اجتماعی، رشد ذهنی، پرورش عقلانیت است. درزمینۀ «محتوا» ویژگی‌ها شامل: یاددادن نحوۀ تفکر، یاددادن پیروی آگاهانه از الگوها، آموزش شرکت در بحث گروهی، یادگیری انجام فعالیت‌های مستقل، یادگیری اظهارنظر آزاد، یاددادن برخورداری از حق انتخاب، نگرش آگاهانه به مسائل است. در بخش «روش تدریس» ویژگی‌ها شامل: استفاده از روش بحث گروهی، سقراطی، استفاده از بازی‌های فکری و کلامی، ارائه تمرینات مستقل، معلم به‌عنوان تسهیلگر و همکار است. درزمینۀ «ارزشیابی» ویژگی‌ها شامل: استفاده از ابزارهای خودارزیابی، توجه به ارزشیابی مستمر و تکوینی، فراهم آوردن امکان بازخورد مناسب و به‌موقع، توجه به مشارکتی بودن فعالیت‌های دانش‌آموزان، توجه به اشکال مختلف ارزشیابی است. استفاده از نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند در آیندۀ نوجوانان و جوانانی با تفکرات مستقل در راستای کاهش آسیب‌ها و ناهنجاری‌های اجتماعی و پایبندی به اعتقادات دینی و فرهنگی خویش تربیت کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اسناد؛ برنامه درسی؛ دانش‌آموزان دورۀ متوسطه؛ تفکر مستقل

مراجع

Adams. H, W. (2004). Justice for children: The development of autonomy (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from (http://hdl.handle.net/1911/18606).

Archard, D. (2002). Children, multiculturalism, and education. In D. Archard and C. Macleod (Eds.), The moral and political status of children: New essan’s (pp. I42159). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Arsić, Z. (2014). Intellectual independence of students in the process of gaining knowledge. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 2(2), 83-86.

Barkhordari, R. and Banki, F. (2012). Fostering Tolerance in Arbitration, Journal of Child Thought, 3 (2), 27-46.

Beck, R. J. (2010). The independent thinker: Assessing student outcomes in tutorial education. Retrieved November, 1, 2010.

Bialek, M., & Terbeck, S. (2016). Can cognitive psychological research on reasoning enhance the discussion around moral judgments?. Cognitive processing, 17(3), 329-335.

Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006), “Using thematic analysis in psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 2, Pp. 77-101.

Brighouse, H. (2002). What rights (if any) do children have? In D. Archard and C. Macleod (Eds.), The moral and political status of children: New essays (pp. 31- 52). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ciechanowska, D. (2011). Benefits of Student Autonomy and Independent Thought. Education of Tomorrow. Contemporary Education and Its Contexts. Sosnowiec.

Colman, A. M. (2015). A dictionary of psychology. Oxford Quick Reference.

Cranwell, P. B., Davis, F. J., Elliott, J. M., McKendrick, J. E., Page, E. M., & Spillman, M. J. (2017). Encouraging independent thought and learning in first year practical classes. New Directions in the Teaching of Physical Sciences, 12(1).

Dehghan Simkani, R. (2013). The Major Challenge in Model Education (Blind Imitation) and the Way Out, Quarterly Journal of Advertising Education, 1 (2), 83-104.

Dewey, J. (1990). Experience and Education, Translated by Seyyed Ahmad Mir Hosseini, Tehran: Book Publishing and Translation Center.

Dezhgahi, s. (2008). A Critical Thinking Challenge to Independence as an Educational Purpose, Journal of Modern Educational Thoughts, 4 (1), 63-80.

Eklöf, A. (2014). Project work, independence and critical thinking, thesis, Gothenburg studies in educational sciences.

Farhadipour, M. A., Abbasi, E. & Karimzaei, S. (2015). Comparison of the effectiveness of inductive thinking teaching method and exploratory teaching method on the creativity of fifth grade elementary school students. Research in Curriculum Planning, 12 (46), 10-21.

Feinberg, J. (1980). A child's right to an open future. In W. Aiken and H. LaFollette, (Eds.), Whose child? Parental rights, parental authority and state power (pp. 124-153). Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, and Co.

Ghanbari, M. Bahraini, M. and Sepehri, K. (2015). What do sixth grade elementary teachers in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province know about the opportunities and limitations of thinking and research lessons? A Qualitative Study, Journal of Education Research, 1 (4), 41-53.

Ghasemi, A. and Sarukhani, B. (2013). Factors Related to Divorce in Couples Applying for

 

Divorce, Iranian Social Science Studies, 10 (39), 69-87.

Ghobadzadeh, S,. Masoudi, M,. Mohammadkhani, Sh,. and Hosni, J. (2016). Family and Personality Factors Related to Addiction, Journal of Social Health and Addiction, 3 (11), 35-58.

Gill, E. (2001). Becoming free: Autonomy and diversity in the liberal polity.Kansas: Kansas University Press.

Gockov, G., Stojanović, A., & Gojkov-Rajić, A. (2014). Meta-components of intellectual autonomy as higher education teaching quality indicators. Interdisciplinary Management Research, 10, 657-669.

Gutmann, A. (1987). Democratic education. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Harani, A. (2008). Under the minds of the Prophet, Translated by Ahmad Jan al-Rasoul, translated by Ahmad Jannati, Tehran: Islamic Advertising Organization.

Karimian, H. Nateghi, F and Seifi, M. (2017). Critical Thinking Skills in Elementary Social Studies Subjects, Journal of Islam and Educational Research, 8 (1), 52-67.

Khaparde, R. B. (2013). A Novel Approach to Encourage Students Independent Thinking in the Physics Laboratory. arXiv preprint arXiv:1311.6255.

Kim, Kyung Hee. (2011). The creativity crisis: The decrease in creative thinking scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 23 (4): 285-295.

Levesque, R. (2007). Adolescents, media and the law: What developmental science reveals and free speech requires. New York: Oxford University Press.

Levinson, M. (1999).The Demands of Liberal Education. New York: Oxford University.

Lipman, M. Sharp, A. Esmaeian, F. (2016) Philosophy in the Classroom, Translated by: Mohammad Zahir Bagheri Tehranism: Humanities and Cultural Studies Institute Publications.

Mandic, N. (2012). Family role in the development of Children’s independence. Research in Pedagogy, 2(2), 109-129.

Mann, L., Harmoni, R., Power, C. (1989). Adolescent decision-making: the development of competence. Journal of Adolescence, 12, 265-278.

Meyer, B., Haywood, N., Sachdev, D., & Faraday, S. (2008). What is independent learning and what are ‌the benefits for students. Literature Review, 51, 1-6. ‌

Meyers, Ch. (1995). Critical Thinking Training, Translated by Khodayar Abili, Tehran: SAMT.

Ministry of Education of Iran. (2012). Textbooks Office, National Curriculum. Research and Curriculum Planning Organization.

Modahi, J and Hosseinizadeh, AS (2013). Investigating and Analyzing Cultivating Methods of Creative Thinking in the Innocence of the Innocent (AS), Two Islamic Educational Quarterly. 8 (17), 103-121.

Motahari, M. (2008). Education in Islam, Tehran: Sadra Publications.

Motamedi Mohammadabadi, M.,, Azimi, E. & Nowruzi, R. A. (2019). Content analysis of Persian textbooks in elementary school reading based on the criteria of philosophical thinking with emphasis on Lippmann's theory. Research in Curriculum Planning, 16 (63), 93-107.

Murphy, T. (2010). Conversations on engaged pedagogies, independent thinking skills and active citizenship. Issues in Educational Research, 20(1), 39-46.

Naqibzadeh, AS. (1995). Kant's Philosophy, Awakening of Dogmatism on the Field of Modern Philosophy, Tehran, Agah.

Neller, George F. (1971). Introduction to the Philosophy of Education, translated by Fereydoon Bazargan Dilghani (2008). Tehran: SAMT.

Nickel, J. W. (1987). Making sense of human rights: Philosophical reflections on the universal declaration of human rights. Univ of California Press.

Olssen, M. (2005). Foucault, educational research and the issue of autonomy. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 37(3), 365-387. Resources/ClassroomTips/Independent_Thinking.php. (2019). https://www.nde-ed. org / Teaching.

Rotova, N. A. (2018). Development of Independence among Future Primary School Teachers by Applying Interactive Learning Methods. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 5(2), 118-121.

Sato, K. (2018). Intellectual Autonomy and Understanding. In Tokyo Forum for Analytic Philosophy.

Seif, A. (2011). Modern Breeding Psychology: The Psychology of Learning and Education. Tehran: Doran Publications.

Seyed Fatemi, N., Rahmani, F., Rezaei Baradaran, M. and sadaghat, K. (2009). The Relationship between Parents' Educational Approach and the Level of Independence of Adolescent Students in Tabriz, Journal of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences (Iranian Journal of Nursing), 22 (62), 75-84.

Shabani, Z. and Moayedi, M. (2017). Investigating the Relationship between Parental Parenting Styles and Depression in High School and Pre-University Students, Quarterly Journal of Family and Research, 14 (36); 107-125.

Shokouhi, Gh. (2005). Principles and Principles of Education, Tehran: Published.

Talebzadeh, M,. Musaipour,.N and Hatami, F. (2009). Cultivating Critical Thinking in High School Curriculum Implementation, Curriculum Studies Quarterly, 4 (14), 105-124.

Voloi, P., Seyedi, Kh., Safai Moghaddam, M. and Hashemi, J. (2017). The International Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Opportunities for the Development of Independent Thinking in Children, Journal of Thinking and Children, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, 8 (2), 1-20.

Warnick, B. (2012). Student rights to religious expression and the special characteristics of schools. Educational Theory, 62, 59-74.

Wringe, C. (1997). In defence of rational autonomy as an educational goal. In D Bridges (Ed.), Education, autonomy and democratic citizenship: Philosophy in a changing world (pp. 115-126). New York: Routledge.

Yarmohammadian, M., H. (2014). Fundamentals and principles of curriculum planning. Tehran: Yadevar Book Publishing.

Zohrvand, R. (2011). Content Analysis of Elementary School Textbooks on Thinking Culture and Dimensions and Aspects of Thinking Tendency. Sponsor Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology of Academic Jihad.