تنش‌ خشکی و راهکارهای مقابله با آن در گیاهان زراعی

فیزیولوژی محیطی گیاهی

دوره 17، شماره 67، مهر 1401، صفحه 152-184   

نوع مقاله: مروری

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30495/iper.2022.1966339.1818

نویسندگان

اسماعیل قلی نژاد^{* 1}؛ رضا درویش زاده²؛ عباس ابهری³

¹گروه علمی علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران،

²گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران،

³گروه علمی علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

چکیده

تنش خشکی روی جنبه­های مختلف رشد و نمو گیاهان (رشد رویشی، زایشی، پیدایش و تشکیل گل، گرده افشانی و لقاح و تشکیل دانه) تاثیر می­گذارد. برای کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی بر گیاهان، شناسایی مکانیسم­های عکس­العمل گیاه در برابر تنش خشکی بسیار مهم است. در پاسخ به تنش خشکی در گیاهان تغییرات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، سلولی و مولکولی رخ می­دهند که برآیند این تغییرات بهبود در سیستم ریشه، ساختار برگ، تنظیم اسمزی، محتوای نسبی آب و تنظیم روزنه و برخی عوامل دیگر است. نمود فنوتیپی مواجهۀ گیاهان با تنش خشکی به صورت فرار از خشکی (زودرسی یا دوره رشد کوتاه، حساسیت به طول روز و کنترل پنجه‎دهی)، اجتناب از خشکی (سیستم ریشه‎ای توسعه یافته، هدایت روزنه‎ای مطلوب، بهبود اندازه و فراوانی روزنه‎ها، تجمع آبسیزیک اسید و ضخامت کوتیکول و قشر مومی روی برگ)، تحمل خشکی (تنظیم فشار اسمزی، تنظیم غیر فعال، تنظیم فعال، تجمع پرولین و جابجایی مواد پرورده) و بازیافت بروز پیدا می­کند. از روش­های مدیریتی بهبود تحمل تنش خشکی می­توان ایجاد ارقام متحمل، استفاده از اسمولیت­های خارجی مانند گلیسین بتائین و پرولین، محلول­پاشی با هورمون‌های گیاهی مانند آبسیزیک اسید، سالسیلیک اسید (آسپرین)، جیبرلیک اسید، جاسمونیک‌ اسید، براسینو استروییدها و پلی­آمین­ها، کاربرد خارجی آنتی­اکسیدان­هایی مانند گلوتاتیون، آسکوربیک اسید (ویتامین C)، توکوفرول (ویتامین E) و اکسید نیتریک، محلول­پاشی با عناصر ریز مغذی مانند آهن و روی، محلول­پاشی با عناصر کمیاب مانند سیلیکون و سلنیوم و برهمکنش­های میکروبی گیاهان مانند باکتری­های محرک رشد و قارچ­ها اشاره کرد. مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری است که با جستجو در مقاله­های مرتبط در سایت­های معتبر (Google scholar, Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, sid) بدست آمده است و با هدف بررسی اثرات، مکانیسم­های تحمل، روش­های پژوهش، صفات مهم قابل اندازه­گیری، مدیریت و کنترل تنش خشکی تهیه شده است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

"اجتناب"؛ "پتانسیل اسمزی"؛ "تبخیر و تعرق"؛ "تحمل"؛ "تنش"؛ "فرار از خشکی"؛ "مکانیسم خشکی"

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