Attaining Environmental Sustainability Through Cashew Nut Production in India: Revisiting the Role of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth

Journal of Nuts

دوره 14، شماره 2، شهریور 2023، صفحه 95-111   

نوع مقاله: Review Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/jon.2022.1972216.1203

نویسندگان

Noushad Cheriyambadan¹؛ Muhammed Ashiq Villanthenkodath^{* 1}؛ Hassan Shareef²

¹School of Social Sciences and Humanities, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India

²Crescent School of Law, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India

چکیده

Although carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are the most debated topic in the current era, the solution for this is not yet reached a conclusion in the literature. Further, curbing CO₂ emissions along with maintaining the same pace of economic growth is necessary to achieve sustainable development. Being a top producing, processing and exporting country of cashew nuts in the world, India has a well-established growth effect that emanates from cashew nut production. However, the environmental effect of cashew nut production is not clear. Thus, this study aims to assess the role of cashew nut production on CO₂ emissions while endogenising energy consumption and economic growth in the environmental degradation function of India during 1975-2021. For empirical analysis, the study uses combined cointegration, cointegrating regressions, and time and frequency domain causality tests. The evolved outcome shows a long-run cointegration of the series. Further, cashew nut production significantly reduces CO₂ emissions, while energy consumption portrays a significantly increasing role in CO₂ emissions. Surprisingly, but not shockingly, economic growth significantly reduces CO₂ emissions in India. From the causality point of view, a unidirectional causality runs from cashew nut production to CO₂ emissions in both time and frequency time causality tests. Based on the findings, the study suggests a policy for sustainable development in India. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

Cashew nut production؛ CO2 emissions؛ Economic growth؛ Energy consumption؛ India؛ Time series

مراجع

Adedoyin FF, Alola AA, Bekun FV (2020) The nexus of environmental sustainability and agro-economic performance of Sub-Saharan African countries. Heliyon. 6(9), e04878.

Agboola  MO, Bekun FV,  Joshua U (2021) Pathway to environmental sustainability: Nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, CO₂ emission, oil rent and total natural resources rent in Saudi Arabia. Resources Policy. 74, 102380.

Ahmad M, Khattak SI (2020) Is Aggregate Domestic Consumption Spending (ADCS) Per Capita Determining CO₂ Emissions in South Africa? A New Perspective. Environmental and Resource Economics. 75(3), 529–552.

Balgude D, Sabnis AS (2014) CNSL: An environment friendly alternative for the modern coating industry. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 11(2), 169–183.

Banerjee A, Dolado J, Mestre R (1998) Error-correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single-equation Framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis. 19(3), 267–283.

Bassett TJ, Koné M, Pavlovic NR (2018) Power Relations and Upgrading in the Cashew Value Chain of Côte d’Ivoire. Development and Change. 49(5), 1223–1247.

Bayer C, Hanck C (2013) Combining non-cointegration tests. Journal of Time Series Analysis. 34(1), 83–95.

Ben Jebli M, Ben Youssef S (2017) The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO₂ emissions: Evidence for North Africa countries. Ecological Indicators. 74, 295–301.

Breitung J, Candelon B (2006) Testing for short-and long-run causality: A frequency-domain approach. Journal of Econometrics. 132(2), 363-378.

Cetin MA, Bakirtas I, Yildiz N (2022) Does agriculture-induced environmental Kuznets curve exist in developing countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29(23), 34019–34037.

Das B, Murgaonkar D, Navyashree S, Kumar P (2022) Novel combination artificial neural network models could not outperform individual models for weather-based cashew yield prediction. International Journal of Biometeorology. 66(8), 1627–1638.

DCCD (2019) Directorate of Cashewnut and Cocoa Development, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. https://www.dccd.gov.in/. Accessed 7 December2022.

Dendena B, Corsi S (2014) Cashew, from seed to market: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 34(4), 753–772.

Dhahri S, Omri A (2020) Foreign capital towards SDGs 1 & 2—Ending poverty and hunger: The role of agricultural production. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 53(C), 208–221.

Dickey DA, Fuller WA (1979) Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 74(366a), 427–431.

Engle RF, Granger CWJ (1987) Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing Econometrica. 55(2), 251–276.

Ferreira N, Miranda J, Cooke R (2021) Climate change and extreme events on drainage systems: Numerical simulation of soil water in corn crops in Illinois (USA). International Journal of Biometeorology. 65(7), 1001–1013.

Gatahi  DM (2020) Challenges and opportunities in tomato production chain and sustainable standards. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 7(3), 235-262.

Gokmenoglu KK, Taspinar N (2018) Testing the agriculture-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25(23), 22829–22841.

Gokmenoglu KK, Taspinar N, Kaakeh M (2019) Agriculture-induced environmental Kuznets curve: The case of China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26(36), 37137–37151.

Gurbuz IB, Nesirov E, Ozkan G (2021) Does agricultural value-added induce environmental degradation? Evidence from Azerbaijan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(18), 23099–23112.

Hendarto E, Sharma S, Opulencia MJC, Hasan MK, Al-Dhalimy AMB, Muda I, Jawad MA, Singh K, Jabar NAA (2022) How Did Globalization Boost the Nuts Production in Indonesia? Journal of Nuts. 13(3), 199–210.

Hu Y, Shang Q, Tang J, Wang C, Zhang F, Jia P, Feng G, Wu Q, Liu C, Hu L, Lei W, Zhou Y (2018) Use of cardanol-based acrylate as reactive diluent in UV-curable castor oil-based polyurethane acrylate resins. Industrial Crops and Products. 117, 295–302.

IBEF (2022) India Brand Equity Foundation. Cashew Industry India, Cashew Manufacturers and Exporters in India. https://www .ibef.org /exports/ cashew-industry-india. Accessed 4 September 2022.

ICAR(2019) National Research Centre for Cashew. https://cashew.icar.gov.in/aicrpc/. Accessed 7 December 2022

Johansen S (1988) Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. 12(2), 231–254.

Johansen S (1991) Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica. 59(6), 1551–1580.

Kapinga FA, Kasuga LJF, Kafiriti EM (2010) Growth and production of cashew nut. Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production–Growth and Production of Cashew Nut. 1-10.

Karimi Alavijeh N, Salehnia N, Salehnia N, Koengkan M (2022) The effects of agricultural development on CO₂ emissions: Empirical evidence from the most populous developing countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability.

Khan R (2020) Agricultural production and CO₂ emissions causes in the developing and developed countries: New insights from quantile regression and decomposition analysis (p. 2020.11.16.384370). bioRxiv.

Loizou E, Karelakis C, Galanopoulos K, Mattas K (2019) The role of agriculture as a development tool for a regional economy. Agricultural Systems. 173, 482–490.

Lundy BD (2021) Cashews in conflict: The political ecology of cashew pomiculture in Guinea-Bissau. In Political Ecology of Industrial Crops. Routledge.

Mahalik MK, Villanthenkodath MA, Mallick H, Gupta M (2021) Assessing the effectiveness of total foreign aid and foreign energy aid inflows on environmental quality in India. Energy Policy. 149, 112015.

Mahmood H, Alkhateeb TTY, Al-Qahtani MMZ, Allam Z, Ahmad N, Furqan M (2019) Agriculture development and CO₂ emissions nexus in Saudi Arabia. PLOS ONE. 14(12), e0225865.

MK AN (2020) Role of energy use in the prediction of CO₂ emissions and economic growth in India: Evidence from artificial neural networks (ANN). Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27(19), 23631–23642.

Mog B, Adiga JD, Preethi P, Nayak M G (2022) Changes in Growth and Developmental Stages of Nuts of Selected Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Varieties in West Coast Region of Karnataka. Agricultural Research.

Mohod A, Jain S, Powar AG (2010) Energy Option for Small Scale Cashew Nut Processing in India. Energy Research Journal. 1(1), 47–50.

Monteiro F, Catarino L, Batista D, Indjai B, Duarte MC, Romeiras M M (2017) Cashew as a High Agricultural Commodity in West Africa: Insights towards Sustainable Production in Guinea-Bissau. Sustainability. 9(9), 1666.

Mutebi, CM (2022) Mulberry (Morus spp.) as a plant for building the resilience of smallholder farmers during climate change and COVID 19 pandemic. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 9(1), 73-83.

Nair KPP(2010) 2—Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.). In K. P. P. Nair (Ed.), The Agronomy and Economy of Important Tree Crops of the Developing World (pp. 21–66). Elsevier.

Pata UK (2021) Linking renewable energy, globalization, agriculture, CO₂ emissions and ecological footprint in BRIC countries: A sustainability perspective. Renewable Energy. 173, 197–208.

Patel NR, Pokhariyal S, Chauhan P, Dadhwal VK (2021) Dynamics of CO₂ fluxes and controlling environmental factors in sugarcane (C4)–wheat (C3) ecosystem of dry sub-humid region in India. International Journal of Biometeorology. 65(7), 1069–1084.

Peter Boswijk H (1994) Testing for an unstable root in conditional and structural error correction models. Journal of Econometrics, 63(1), 37–60.

Phillips  PC, Perron  P (1988) Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika. 75(2), 335–346.

Sahoo M, Saini S, Villanthenkodath M A (2021) Determinants of material footprint in BRICS countries: An empirical analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(28), 37689–37704.

Scaldaferri CA, Pasa, VMD (2019) Green diesel production from upgrading of cashew nut shell liquid. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 111, 303–313.

Selcuk M, Gormus S, Guven M (2021) Do agriculture activities matter for environmental Kuznets curve in the Next Eleven countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28(39), 55623–55633.

Ssali MW, Du J, Mensah IA, Hongo DO (2019) Investigating the nexus among environmental pollution, economic growth, energy use, and foreign direct investment in 6 selected sub-Saharan African countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26(11), 11245–11260.

Suwanmanee U, Bangjang T, Kaewchada A, Jaree A (2020) Greenhouse gas emissions and energy assessment of modified diesohol using cashew nut shell liquid and biodiesel as additives. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 24, 232–253.

Temudo MP, Abrantes M (2014) The Cashew Frontier in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: Changing Landscapes and Livelihoods. Human Ecology. 42(2), 217–230.

Tosif (2019) Top 10 cashew nut producing states in India [Major cashew growing states]. top10statesindia.com. https://top10 statesindia.com/top-10-cashew-nut-producing-states-in-india/ (Online). 31 Dec 2019

Vahdati K, Bavani AR, Khosh-Khui M, Fakour P, Sarikhani S (2019) Applying the AOGCM-AR5 models to the assessments of land suitability for walnut cultivation in response to climate change: A case study of Iran. PloS ONE. 14(6). e0218725

Vahdati K, Sarikhani Khorami S, Arab MM (2018) Walnut: a potential multipurpose nut crop for reclaiming deteriorated lands and environment. Acta Horticulturae 1190, 95-100.

Villanthenkodath MA, Arakkal MF (2020) Exploring the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in the midst of financial development, openness, and foreign direct investment in New Zealand: Insights from ARDL bound test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27(29), 36511–36527.

Villanthenkodath MA, Mahalik MK (2020) Technological innovation and environmental quality nexus in India: Does inward remittance matter? Journal of Public Affairs. 22(1), e2291.

Villanthenkodath MA, Mahalik MK (2022) Does overseas eco-friendly innovation collaboration matter for environmental quality sustainability in India? OPEC Energy Review. 46(2), 250–284.

Villanthenkodath MA, Ansari MA, Kumar P, Raju YN (2022) Effect of information and communication technology on the environmental sustainability: An empirical assessment for South Africa. Telematics and Informatics Reports. 7, 100013.

Waheed R, Chang D, Sarwar S, Chen W (2018) Forest, agriculture, renewable energy, and CO₂ emission. Journal of Cleaner Production. 172, 4231–4238.

Waheed R, Chang D, Sarwar S, Chen W (2018) Forest, agriculture, renewable energy, and CO₂ emission. Journal of Cleaner Production. 172, 4231–4238.

Wen J, Mughal N, Zhao J, Shabbir MS, Niedbała G, Jain V, Anwar A (2021) Does globalization matter for environmental degradation? Nexus among energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emission. Energy Policy. 153, 112230.

Yurtkuran S (2021) The effect of agriculture, renewable energy production, and globalization on CO₂ emissions in Turkey: A bootstrap ARDL approach. Renewable Energy. 171, 1236–1245.